The edited book highlights comprehensive studies on plant diversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and best conservation practices from the interdisciplinary perspectives such as the botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, geneticists, cell biologists, molecular biotechnologists, and social scientists. The main focus of the book is to address biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse amidst the escalating climate change problems, aggravated by anthropogenic activities in biocultural landscapes. The book describes the biocultural landscape of today, ecology of plant diversity, botany of keystone and other rare species of economic and pharmaceutical significance, ecosystem processes, conservation, and emerging frameworks to sustain biocultural landscapes in the Anthropocene. Biocultural landscapes are tracks of land in many parts of the world, shaped by unique human-nature interactions. Many of these landscapes are populated with indigenous peoples with a unique way of life including their interaction with plants and the environment. The relationship between humans and nature in biocultural landscapes used to be harmonious. However, as the human population surges, much pressure has been experienced by the landscape, hence, the loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystem services that cascade to agricultural systems. The book is of interest to teachers, professors, policymakers, researchers, and advocates in the fields of botany, ecology, taxonomy, biodiversity conservation, environmental science, molecular biology and genomics, molecular ecology, agriculture, and Agri-tourism, forestry, social science, and climate change professionals. Also, the book serves as a good reference and additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students.
Author(s): Siva Ramamoorthy, Inocencio E Buot Jr., C Rajasekaran
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Year: 2023
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Biocultural Landscapes During the Anthropocene
1: Understanding Plant Diversity Dynamics in Biocultural Landscapes During the Anthropocene
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Monitoring Plant Diversity in Biocultural Landscapes
1.3 Plant Diversity Responses During the Anthropocene
1.4 Framework in Managing Plant Diversity in Biocultural Landscapes During the Anthropocene
1.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
2: Building Sustainability in Community-Managed Mangrove Forest Using Biocultural Approach to Conservation
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Research Design
2.1.2 Historical Profile of the People´s Organization (PO)
2.1.3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
2.1.4 Socioeconomic Profiling and Gender Roles in Mangrove Conservation
2.1.5 Assessment of Ecological Knowledge (EK) and Conservation Practices on Mangroves
2.1.6 Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MPA MEAT)
2.2 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Socioeconomic Profile of the PO of Calatagan Mangrove Forest Conservation Park
2.3.2 Ecosystem Services, Diversification of Livelihood, and Ecotourism in CMFCP
2.3.3 Conservation Practices and Mangrove Awareness and Uses (MAU) Index of the Stakeholders
2.3.3.1 Mangrove Awareness and Uses (MAU) Index of the Stakeholders
2.3.4 Analysis of the Social Dimensions of Integrated Community-Based Conservation
2.3.5 Gender-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Integrated Community-Based Conservation
2.3.6 Effectiveness of Governance of the Marine Protected Area (MPA)
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
3: Plant Diversity in Biocultural Landscapes During Anthropocene: The Need for Conservation, Challenges, and Future Prospects ...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Vulnerable Biodiversity and Anthropogenic Disturbance
3.2.1 Influence of Human Activities
3.2.2 Influence of Climate Change
3.3 The Scrutiny of CBD
3.4 Key Issues to Be Addressed
3.4.1 Data Gaps in Terms of Plant Diversity
3.4.2 Threatened Plant Species
3.4.3 Effectiveness of Legal Policies in Conserving Global Biodiversity
3.4.4 Too Many Strategies: A Contradicting Factor
3.5 Crucial Issues with Today´s Conservation Policies
3.6 Implementation of Better Strategies in the Future
3.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
4: Extinction of Medicinal Plants in Anthropocene Epoch: Special Reference to Rauwolfia serpentina
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phytochemicals
4.2.1 Alkaloids
4.2.1.1 Reserpine
4.2.1.2 Rescinnamine
4.2.1.3 Ajmaline
4.2.1.4 Yohumbine
4.2.1.5 Ajmalicine
4.2.1.6 Other Alkaloids
4.2.2 Other Phytochemicals
4.3 Pharmacological Properties
4.3.1 Antioxidant Nature
4.3.2 Antidiabetic Activity
4.3.3 Hypolipidemic Property and Role in Cardiovascular Diseases
4.3.4 Antimicrobial Activity
4.3.5 Role in Mental Health
4.3.6 Anticancer Property
4.3.7 Antivenom Property
4.3.8 Miscellaneous Properties
4.4 Growth and Conventional Propagation Methods
4.5 Biotechnological Approaches
4.5.1 In Vitro Propagational Strategies
4.5.1.1 Use of Elicitors
4.5.1.2 Synthetic Seed Development
4.5.2 Use of Genetic Markers
4.5.3 Rhizogenes-Induced Hairy Roots
4.5.4 Metabolic Engineering
4.5.5 Novel Approaches
4.5.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Keystone and Other Significant Species in Bicultural Landscapes
5: Ethnobotany of Yams (Dioscoreaceae) Used by Local Communities in the Northwest of Luzon Island
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Survey Process
5.2.1 The Survey Area
5.2.2 Data Gathering and Analysis
5.3 Species of Dioscoreaceae Identified in Northwestern Luzon
5.3.1 Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, and Growth
5.3.2 Cultural and Socioeconomic Importance of the Species
5.4 Ethnobotanical Evidences on the Utilization of Dioscoreaceae in Northwestern Luzon
5.4.1 Long History of Continued Utilization
5.4.2 Ethnotaxonomic Knowledge and Practice
5.4.3 Indigenous Knowledge and Practices
5.4.4 Ethnolinguistic Information
5.5 Enhancing the Utilization of Species of Dioscoreae
5.6 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
References
6: A Preliminary Survey of the Genus Hoya R.Br. (Apocynaceae) in Papua, Indonesia, with Notes on Hoya as Larval Food Plant of ...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.3 Result and Discussion
6.3.1 Habitat and Distribution of Hoya Species in Papua and West Papua Provinces
6.3.2 Hoya as Larval Foodplants for Euploea netcheri
6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
7: Species Diversity and Habitat Association of Ferns and Lycophytes in Mts. Palay-Palay Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mts. Palay-Palay Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape
7.3 Methods and Data Analysis
7.4 Species Diversity of Ferns and Lycophytes
7.5 Most Important Environmental Variables Affecting Diversity and Distribution
7.6 Factors Affecting Fern and Lycophytes Diversity
7.7 Environmental Preferences of Ferns and Lycophytes
7.8 Threats and Biocultural Importance of Pteridophytes
7.9 Summary and Conclusion
References
8: Remaining Subpopulations of Impatiens manillensis Walp. 1843 (Balsaminaceae) in Mts. Palay-Palay-Mataas-Na-Gulod Protected ...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Description
8.3 Seasonality and Microhabitat Characterization
8.4 Existing Threats and Conservation Status
8.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
9: Pteridophytes in Mount Matutum Protected Landscape
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Mount Matutum Protected Landscape
9.3 Pteridophyte Species Composition in Mount Matutum
9.4 Species Diversity of Pteridophytes in Mount Matutum
9.5 Factors Influencing Species Diversity in Mount Matutum
9.6 Patch Structure of Pteridophytes
9.7 Preferential and Widely Adapted Species
9.8 Endemic and Threatened Species of Pteridophytes
9.9 Conservation Plans for the Pteridophytes in MMPL
9.10 Conclusion
References
10: Morphological Diversity of Kopyor Coconut in Indonesia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Centers of Kopyor Coconut in Indonesia
10.3 Diversity of Kopyor Coconut Tree in Farmer Plantation
10.4 Diversity of Kopyor Coconut Endosperm
10.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
11: Ecology of Understory Plants of Forests Over Limestone in Samar Island, Philippines
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Study Site
11.2.2 Plant Species Assessment
11.2.3 Herbarium Specimen
11.2.4 Data Analysis
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Plant Species Composition
11.3.2 Edaphic Factors Affecting Understory Plant Communities Across Select Municipalities of Samar
11.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
12: Taxo-Ethnobotany of Genus Ficus L. in Jammu and Kashmir State (India)
12.1 History and the Myths
12.2 Geography and Physiographic Factors
12.3 Systematic Taxonomic Study and Ethnobotany
12.3.1 TaxonomyKey to the Species of Genus Ficus in Jammu and Kashmir State
References
Part III: Ecosystem Processes in Bicultural Landscapes
13: Food to Medicine: The Impact of Soil and Climatic Factors on the Phytochemical Property of Anahaw (Saribus rotundifolius (...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.1.1 Plant Sample Collection and Preparation
13.2.1.2 Preparation of Plant Extract
13.2.1.3 Phytochemical Screening
Screening for Flavonoids
Screening for Saponins
Screening for Alkaloids
Screening for Steroids: Cardenolides and Bufadienolides
Screening for Anthraquinones
Screening of Carbohydrates
Screening for Fixed Oils and Volatile Oils
Screening of Proteins
Screening for Tannins
13.2.1.4 Soil Physical Characterization
13.2.1.5 Soil Sample Preparation
13.2.1.6 Soil Laboratory Analysis
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Phytochemical Screening
13.3.2 Soil Characteristics of the Sampling Sites of S. rotundifolius(Lam) Blume Shoots
13.3.3 Taxonomic Classification of the Sampling Sites
13.3.3.1 Batac Pedon
13.3.3.2 Pagudpud Pedon
13.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
14: Floral and Fruiting Phenology in the Lowland Forests of Palanan, Isabela, Philippines
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Gathering Reproductive Phenological Data
14.3 Temperature and Rainfall Readings
14.4 Richness and Diversity of Reproducing Tree Species
14.5 General Flowering and Fruiting Phenology
14.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
15: A Survey of Understory Vegetation in the Biocultural Landscape of Mount Makiling, Luzon Island, Philippines: Implications ...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biocultural Landscape of Mount Makiling
15.3 Institutions in Mount Makiling
15.3.1 University of the Philippines Los Baños
15.3.2 The UPLB Museum of Natural History, Makiling Botanic Gardens, and ASEAN Center for Biodiversity
15.3.3 Los Baños: The Science City
15.3.4 Center for the Arts
15.4 Natural Resources in Mount Makiling
15.4.1 Flatrocks
15.4.2 Mudspring, Hotsprings, and Natural Spring Water
15.5 Anthropogenic Activities in Mount Makiling
15.5.1 Tourist Destination for Hiking, Camping, and Relaxation
15.5.2 Biodiversity Learning Laboratory
15.5.3 Human Settlements in Mount Makiling
15.5.4 Honey Hunting
15.6 Floral Diversity of Mount Makiling
15.7 Survey of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Vascular Epiphytes, and Understory Woody Species along the NE Slopes of Mount Makili...
15.8 Methodology
15.8.1 Mosses
15.8.2 Understory Woody Species and Pteridophytes
15.8.3 Vascular Epiphytes
15.8.4 Host Plant Diversity and Pollinator Ecology
15.8.4.1 Methodology
15.8.5 Results
15.8.5.1 Mosses
15.8.5.2 Pteridophytes
15.8.5.3 Vascular Epiphytes
15.8.5.4 Understory Woody Species
15.9 Host Plants and Forage Diversity Effects on Pollinator Ecology
15.10 Implications for Sustainable Management of Mount Makiling
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
References
16: Floral Diversity and Carbon Stock Assessments of Montane Forests along the Tri-Boundaries of Benguet, Ifugao, and Mountain...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Study Site
16.3 Floral Diversity Assessment
16.3.1 Survey Method
16.3.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens
16.3.3 Data Analysis
16.3.3.1 Diversity Indices
16.3.3.2 Importance Value
16.4 Forest Carbon Stock Baseline Assessment
16.4.1 Forest Vegetation Sampling
16.4.1.1 General Vegetation
16.4.1.2 Sampling and Measurement of Biomass, C, and CO2 Stored in the C Pools
Trees
Understorey and Herbaceous (UH) Vegetation
Necromass and Litter (NL)
Roots
Soil Organic Carbon and Bulk Density
16.4.2 Biomass and Carbon Computation
16.4.2.1 Trees
16.4.2.2 Understorey and Herbaceous (UH) Vegetation
16.4.2.3 Necromass and Litter (NL)
16.4.2.4 Roots
16.4.2.5 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Bulk Density
16.4.2.6 Computation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Equivalent
16.4.2.7 Biomass Content, C, and CO2 Stored
16.4.2.8 Profile of the Sampled Forest Vegetation
16.5 Vegetation Structure and Plant Diversity
16.5.1 Species Diversity and Stand Structure
16.5.2 Opportunistic Sampling
16.5.3 Noteworthy Species
16.5.3.1 Endemic Species
16.5.3.2 Threatened Species
16.5.4 Importance Value
16.5.5 Diversity Indices
16.6 General Assessment of Biomass Density of the Six Major Land Cover Types
16.6.1 General Assessment of C and CO2 Stock among Land Cover Types
16.6.2 Overall Computation of the Biomass Density, C, and CO2 Stored in the Entire Project Site
16.7 Threats to Floral Biodiversity
16.7.1 Land Conversion
16.7.2 Poaching
16.7.3 Forest Fire
16.7.4 Changing Climate
16.7.5 Pests and Diseases
16.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
17: The Dynamics of Soil Microbiome Upon Anthropogenic Changes in Plant Diversity and Land Management Practices
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Bidirectional Relationship of Plants and Soil Microbiome
17.2.1 Plant Rhizosphere
17.2.2 Soil Microbiome
17.2.3 Soil Microbiome Function
17.2.4 How Plants Shape Their Microbiome
17.3 Soil Microbiome of Several Land Use Types
17.3.1 Forest
17.3.2 Agroforestry
17.3.3 Dryland
17.4 Soil Microbiome of Several Agricultural Management Practices
17.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
18: Plants´ Anatomical and Genetic Responses to Anthropogenic Climate Change and Human-Induced Activities
18.1 Plant Morpho-Anatomy in a Changing Environment
18.1.1 Anthropogenic Climate Change Impacts on Plant Key Anatomical Characteristics
18.1.2 Role of Morpho-Anatomical Traits in Shaping Plant Diversity Patterns and Forest Landscapes
18.1.3 Morpho-Anatomical Traits and Their Functional Implication
18.1.4 Mesophytes
18.1.5 Xerophytes
18.1.6 Halophytes
18.1.7 Hydrophytes
18.1.8 Heliophytes
18.1.9 Morpho-Anatomical Traits and Plant Community Assembly Along Environmental Gradients
18.1.10 Morpho-Anatomical Trait-Functioning Relationships
18.1.10.1 Links Between Aboveground Traits and Plant and Ecosystem Functioning
18.1.10.2 Links Between Belowground Traits and Plant and Ecosystem Functioning
18.1.10.3 From Morpho-Anatomical Traits to Forest Landscape Structure
18.2 Anthropogenic Activities and Genetic Changes in Plants
18.2.1 Plant-Human Co-evolution Through Domestication
18.2.2 Plants´ Genetic Responses to Domestication, Breeding, and Improvement
18.2.3 Plants´ Genetic Responses to Introduction, Invasion, and Climate Change
18.2.4 Changes in Phenological Patterns in Plants
18.2.5 Changes in Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Plants
18.2.6 Molecular and Biotechnological Intervention for Plants to Adapt to Climate Change
18.2.7 Genetic Engineering, Gene Editing, and ``Omics´´ Technologies for Accelerated Crop Production and Trait Improvement
18.3 Synthesis
References
19: Impact of Anthropogenic Compounds on Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Analysis
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Major Sources of Anthropogenic Chemicals
19.2.1 Agriculture
19.2.2 Pharmaceutical
19.2.3 Industrials
19.3 Ecological Effects of Anthropogenic Chemicals
19.3.1 Effect on Animals
19.3.2 Steroid Hormones
19.3.3 Metals
19.3.4 Pesticides and Biocides
19.3.5 Effect of Anthropogenic Chemicals on Plants
19.4 Effect of Anthropogenic Chemicals on Biodiversity
19.4.1 Channels Through Which Plant Communities Affect Soil Food Webs
19.5 Biomagnification
19.6 Effect of Anthropocene Chemicals on the Microbiome
19.6.1 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
19.7 Biodiversity Loss and Damage to Crops and Livestock
19.8 Alternatives to Anthropogenic Chemicals
19.9 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Best Practices in Plant Diversity Conservation
20: Documentation of the Phenocalendar of Allaeanthus luzonicus (Blanco) Fern.-Vill. (Family Moraceae) to Sustain Its Utilizat...
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Body
20.2.1 Plant Parts Used and Flower Characteristics
20.2.2 Nutrient and Nonnutrient Components
20.2.3 Growth and Development Cycle
20.2.3.1 Observed Growth and Development Phases
20.2.4 Phenology of A. luzonicus Under Four Climate Types
20.2.4.1 Phenophases in Different Ecological Zones of Ilocos Norte
20.2.4.2 Phenophases in the Province of Cagayan and Apayao
20.2.5 Off Season Varieties of A. luzonicus
20.2.6 Phenocalendar in Climate Types I, II, III, and IV
20.2.6.1 Factors Affecting Phenophases and Flowering Behavior
20.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
References
21: Analyzing the Spatio-temporal Changes of the Biocultural Landscape of Banaue, Philippines Using GIS
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Description of Banaue, the Study Site
21.1.2 Methods in Identifying the Urban Sprawl
21.1.2.1 Data and Ancillary Information
21.1.2.2 Methods
21.1.3 Discussion
21.1.3.1 Biocultural Landscapes
21.1.3.2 The Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Demonstrate Urban Growth in Cultural Heritage Sites
Cultural Heritage Monuments in Paphos District in Cyprus
Historic City of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia
The Heritage City of Lahore in Pakistan
The Historical Cities of Perm and Usolie in the Territory of Perm Region (Russia)
Architectural Heritage of Buddhist Monasteries in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
21.1.3.3 Urbanization in Biocultural Heritage Sites: Some Experiences from Different Settings
Urban Sprawl in Banaue
Main Drivers of Urban Sprawl in Banaue
Roads Expansion and Improvement
Conversion of Rice Terraces to Other Land-Uses
Conflicting Laws and Legal Instruments
21.2 Summary and Conclusion
References
22: Plant Diversity in Selected Agro- and Forest Ecosystems in Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) in the Cordillera Region...
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Agro-ecological System and the ICC Nexus
22.3 Forest Ecosystem and the ICC Nexus
22.4 Challenges: A Macro-level Perspective
22.5 Summary and Conclusion
References
23: The Stories of Organic Farming Champions in the Philippines and Their Crop Diversity Practices
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methodology
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.3.1 Socio-economic Characteristics
23.4 Organic Farming Champions and Their Crop Diversity Practices
23.4.1 Vegetable Organic Farmer and His Clients
23.4.2 Organic Farming is a Second Calling
23.4.3 The Story of Conversion to Organic Farming
23.4.4 An Owner of a Self-Sufficient Farm
23.4.5 From Five-Leaved Chaste Tree Producer to an Herbal Medicine Inventor
23.4.6 A Farmer Who Values the Common Good over His Personal Interest
23.4.7 A Green Thumb-Organic Farmer with a `Midas Touch´
23.4.8 Organic Rice Producer
23.4.9 Organic Farmer Who Practices Intercropping
23.4.10 An Epitome of an Organic Farmer: Entrepreneur
23.4.11 A Proud Son of a Farmer
23.5 Discussion
23.6 Conclusion
References
24: Current Status of Seaweed Diversity: Anthropogenic Interventions
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Seaweed Diversity
24.2.1 Emerging Threat to Seaweed Diversity
24.2.1.1 Industrial Pollution
24.2.1.2 Mariculture
24.2.1.3 Intervention by Local Inhabitants
24.2.1.4 Over Harvesting of Indigenous Species
24.2.1.5 Tourism
24.3 Climate Change Vulnerability
24.3.1 Ocean Acidification
24.3.2 Sea Level Rise
24.3.3 Seaweed: Global Economic Scenario
24.4 Regulation Policies and Conservation Strategies
24.5 Opportunities by the Government of India
24.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Emerging Frameworks for Conservation
25: Homegarden Agroforestry for Plant Diversity Conservation in an Urban Landscape: Practices and Prospects
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Concept of Homegarden Agroforestry
25.3 Structures and Composition of HGAs
25.4 Homegardens Agroforestry in Urban Settings
25.5 HGAs and Plant Diversity Conservation
25.6 Prospects for HGAs
25.7 Summary and Recommendations
References
26: Comprehending the Cultural Landscape of Mount Makiling: A Road to Community Well-Being Necessary to Enhance Ecosystem Inte...
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Methodology
26.3 Revisiting the Legend of Mariang Makiling
26.4 Cultural Activities Around Mount Makiling Cultural Landscape
26.5 Influence of the Dynamic Cultural Landscape to Community Well-Being
26.6 Crafting a Framework Showing that Good Cultural Landscape Enhances Community Well-Being and Ecosystem Integrity
26.7 Conclusion
References
27: System Dynamic Modeling of Top Harvested Plant Bioresources in Northern Negros Natural Park
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Study Area and Methods
27.3 Results and Discussion
27.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
28: Heritage Negotiations in Manila and Pampanga: The Use of Toponyms in the Study of Two Biocultural Landscapes in the Philip...
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Manila
28.2.1 Manila as Toponym
28.3 Pampanga
28.3.1 Candaba as Toponym
28.3.2 Betis as Toponym
28.3.3 Macabebe as Toponym
28.3.4 Apalit as Toponym
28.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
29: Liaforestry-Sustainable Forest Management Model Using Multi-purpose Tree Species for Reforestation and Climate Change Miti...
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Methodology
29.3 Liaforestry-Sustainable Forest Management Model-Lesson Learned from Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP)
29.3.1 Plant Diversity in Tropical Forest of MBNP
29.3.2 Human Activity Impact on Forest Degradation
29.3.3 Liaforestry Model
29.3.3.1 Destruction Identification
29.3.3.2 Community-Based Management
29.3.3.3 Demonstration Plot Development
29.3.3.4 Postimplementation of Liaforestry Model
29.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
30: Conservation of IUCN Threatened Zingiberaceae Species in Tropical Asia: Challenges, Gaps and Opportunities
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Methods
30.3 Results and Discussion
30.3.1 Threatened Ginger Species of Tropical Asia
30.3.2 Potential Extinction Hotspots?
30.4 Nature of Threats
30.4.1 Threats from Anthropogenic Activities
30.4.2 Other Threats
30.5 In Situ Protection and Future Challenges
30.6 Ex Situ Conservation Efforts and Limitations
30.7 Conservation Coverage of Threatened Species
30.8 Conservation and Information Gaps
30.9 Biocultural and Other Conservation Approaches
30.9.1 Local Community Involvement
30.9.2 Promoting and Enhancing Species Use and Value
30.9.3 Genetic Studies to Aid Conservation Planning
30.10 Summary and Conclusion
Appendix (Table 30.5)
References
