Plant Cytoskeleton in Cell Differentiation and Development

Half Title......Page 1
Series......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
List of contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Part 1 The cytoskeleton: the machinery and key molecules......Page 15
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2 Plant tubulin......Page 19
1.3 Microtubule-associated proteins......Page 20
1.3.1 Cross-bridging MAPs......Page 21
1.3.3 Microtubule motor proteins......Page 27
1.3.3.1 Kinesin-related proteins in cytokinesis......Page 28
1.3.3.2 Kinesin-related proteins in mitosis......Page 31
1.3.3.3 Kinesin-related proteins in interphase......Page 33
1.3.3.4 Dynein......Page 34
1.3.4 Proteins involved in microtubule nucleation and release: the formation of the cortical array......Page 35
1.3.5 Microtubule-interacting proteins......Page 38
1.4 Concluding remarks......Page 40
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 46
2.2 Actin......Page 47
2.3 Myosin......Page 50
2.4 Actin-binding proteins: overview......Page 51
2.5.1 ADF/cofilin......Page 52
2.5.2 Profilin......Page 54
2.5.3 Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein......Page 60
2.6.1 Fimbrin......Page 61
2.6.2 Villin and gelsolin-related proteins......Page 63
2.6.4 eEF-1α......Page 67
2.6.5 Spectrin......Page 68
2.7.1 Capping protein (CP)......Page 69
2.7.2 CapG......Page 70
2.8.1 Arp2/3......Page 71
2.9.1 SuSy......Page 72
2.9.3 AIP1......Page 73
2.9.4 Annexin......Page 74
2.9.6 AtSH3P......Page 75
2.9.8 Tropomyosin......Page 76
2.9.10 LIM proteins......Page 77
2.10 Concluding remarks......Page 78
References......Page 79
Part 2 Fundamental cytoskeletal activities......Page 95
3.1 Introduction......Page 97
3.2.1 Cell plate formation and expansion......Page 98
3.2.2 Phragmoplast microtubule and microfilament organization......Page 99
3.2.3 Motor proteins during phragmoplast formation and expansion......Page 101
3.2.3.1 Vesicle transport in the phragmoplast could be kinesin-based......Page 102
3.2.3.2 Structural MAPs and kinesins function in phragmoplast formation and expansion......Page 103
3.2.3.3 Expansion of the phragmoplast and cell plate requires both kinesins and myosins......Page 104
3.3.1 The cytoskeleton at end walls of elongating cells......Page 105
3.4 Establishing axial growth......Page 106
3.4.1 A transverse cortical microtubule array is essential for axial growth......Page 108
3.4.2 Microtubules and their relationship with cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans......Page 109
3.4.4 Hormones, cytoskeleton and wall extensibility......Page 110
3.4.5 How does the actin cytoskeleton contribute to cell elongation?......Page 111
3.5.1 Auxin transport and the chemiosmotic theory......Page 112
3.5.2 Important questions concerning auxin transport and the actin cytoskeleton......Page 115
3.5.3 Small GTPases may be a key to the shuttling of auxin efflux carriers......Page 116
3.6.1 Tropic bending responses......Page 117
3.6.2 Twisting......Page 120
References......Page 122
4.1 Introduction......Page 130
4.2.1 Cdk structure and diversity......Page 131
4.2.2 Regulation of Cdk activity......Page 133
4.3 Sequence of events during mitosis......Page 134
4.3.2 Stage 2: commitment to mitosis......Page 136
4.4 Preparing for mitosis......Page 137
4.4.1 Animal A-type cyclins......Page 138
4.4.2 Plant A-type cyclins......Page 139
4.4.3 The DNA damage checkpoint......Page 140
4.5.1 Commitment to mitosis in animal cells......Page 141
4.5.3 The role of animal B-type cyclins......Page 142
4.5.4 The role of plant B-type cyclins......Page 143
4.6.1 Condensation of chromatin in animal cells......Page 145
4.7.1 Spindle formation in animal cells......Page 146
4.7.2 Spindle formation in plant cells......Page 147
4.8 The spindle assembly checkpoint pathway......Page 148
4.8.1 Regulation of APC......Page 149
4.9.2 Onset of APC-mediated proteolysis in plant cells......Page 150
4.10.1 Regulators of late mitotic events in animal cells......Page 151
4.10.2 Late mitotic events in plant cells......Page 152
References......Page 154
5.1 Introduction......Page 162
5.2 Transport and positioning of particular organelles......Page 163
5.2.2 Endoplasmic reticulum......Page 164
5.2.3 Golgi......Page 165
5.2.4 Vacuoles......Page 166
5.2.6 Chloroplasts......Page 167
5.2.6.1 Algae......Page 168
5.2.6.2 Mosses......Page 169
5.2.6.3 Ferns......Page 170
5.2.6.4 Seed plants......Page 171
5.2.7.1 Premitotic nuclear positioning......Page 175
5.2.7.2 Nuclear migrations elicited by external stimuli......Page 176
5.2.8 Phragmoplast/cytokinesis......Page 177
5.3 Concluding remarks......Page 180
References......Page 183
6.1 Introduction......Page 190
6.2.1 Cellulose......Page 191
6.2.2 Cross-linking glycans......Page 192
6.2.3 Pectins......Page 194
6.2.4 Structural proteins......Page 195
6.2.5 Aromatic substances......Page 196
6.3.1 The biophysics of growth underpins cell wall dynamics......Page 197
6.3.2 The biochemical determinants of yield threshold and extensibility......Page 198
6.4 Functional architecture revealed by mutation and transgenic approaches......Page 199
6.4.2 The cellulose – cross-linking glycan network......Page 200
6.4.3 Pectins......Page 201
6.4.4 Structural proteins......Page 202
6.5.1 Targeting of cell wall components......Page 203
6.5.2 Mechanical connections......Page 205
6.5.3 Sensing through the plasma membrane......Page 208
References......Page 210
Part 3 The cytoskeleton and plant cell morphogenesis......Page 219
7.1 Introduction......Page 221
7.2.1.1 Microtubules affect root hair cell fate......Page 224
7.2.1.3 Microtubules control direction of root hair tip growth and prevent hairs from branching......Page 225
7.2.2.1 Actin limits the size of the initiation site......Page 228
7.2.2.2 Actin mediates tip growth by targeting vesicle delivery......Page 229
7.2.2.5 Actin at the end of tip growth......Page 230
7.3.1 Mechanisms regulating root hair patterning......Page 231
7.3.2 Mechanisms that regulate initiation......Page 233
7.3.3 Mechanisms regulating tip growth......Page 235
7.4.2 Genes affecting initiation......Page 237
7.4.3 Genes required for tip growth to be established......Page 245
7.4.4 Genes required to sustain and direct tip growth......Page 246
7.5 Concluding remarks......Page 247
References......Page 248
8.2 Different signaling pathways converge in the cytoskeleton......Page 254
8.3 The actin cytoskeleton is the major motor driving force in pollen tube growth......Page 256
8.4 Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins in pollen tube growth......Page 258
8.5 Ca2+, modulator of the cytoskeleton......Page 260
8.6 Signaling the cytoskeleton through phosphoinositides......Page 261
8.7 Calmodulin, a primary Ca2+ sensor......Page 263
8.8 Protein kinases and phosphatases......Page 265
8.9 14-3-3 proteins......Page 266
8.10 The role of cyclic nucleotides......Page 267
8.11 GTPases, the signaling switches......Page 268
8.12 Transducons – the unity for signaling......Page 270
8.13 Concluding remarks......Page 271
References......Page 272
9.2.1 Arabidopsis......Page 279
9.2.2 Members of the Brassicaceae......Page 281
9.3.1 Initiation and leaf development......Page 282
9.3.2 Genetics of initiation......Page 283
9.4 Arabidopsis trichome morphogenesis......Page 284
9.4.1 Cytoskeletal inhibitors......Page 286
9.4.2.1 Microtubules......Page 287
9.4.2.2 Actin filaments......Page 288
9.5.1.1 ZWICHEL (ZWI)......Page 290
9.5.1.2 Tubulin folding cofactors (TFCs)......Page 291
9.5.1.3 Arabidopsis katanin small subunit (AtKSS)......Page 293
9.5.1.4 ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN)......Page 295
9.5.1.5 SPIKE1 (SPK1)......Page 296
9.5.2 The distorted trichome shape mutants: actin-based functions......Page 297
9.6 Concluding remarks......Page 298
References......Page 299
10.1 Introduction......Page 304
10.2 Guard cell signaling......Page 305
10.2.1 Cytosolic calcium......Page 306
10.2.3 Cyclic ADP-ribose......Page 308
10.2.4 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and other lipid-derived second messengers......Page 309
10.2.5 Protein kinases and phosphatases......Page 310
10.2.6 Membrane trafficking......Page 311
10.2.7 New key intermediates......Page 312
10.3.1 (Re)organization of actin filaments......Page 314
10.3.1.1 Cytosolic calcium......Page 316
10.3.1.3 Rho GTPases......Page 318
10.3.1.4 Cell volume regulation......Page 319
10.3.1.5 Membrane trafficking......Page 320
10.3.1.6 Other hints of signaling to the guard cell actin cytoskeleton......Page 321
10.3.2 Involvement of microtubules......Page 322
10.4 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 324
References......Page 326
Index......Page 332