Contemporary biotechnology is increasingly being applied to assist the international conservation of plant diversity. Plant Conservation Biotechnology introduces biotechnological techniques which are currently used to conserve horticultural and crop plant germplasm, forest tree genetic resources, endangered plant species, and plant cell culture collections. The first part of the book, Techniques, provides an introduction to the different conservation methodologies and offers practical advice regarding the application of biotechnology in plant diversity prospecting; germplasm acquisition and exchange; genetic resource management, and conservation. The second part concerns Applications and it explores the more detailed use of biotechnology in the context of specific conservation areas.
Author(s): Dr Erica Benson, Erica Benson
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 1999
Language: English
Pages: 336
Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
List of Figures page......Page 14
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Contributing Authors......Page 22
Principles of Plant Conservation Biotechnology: Methods, Techniques and Procedures......Page 28
An Introduction to Plant Conservation Biotechnology......Page 30
A general overview: how does biotechnology assist plant conservation?......Page 31
Conservation biotechnology and the sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources......Page 34
Conclusions and future prospects......Page 35
References......Page 36
Molecular Approaches to Assessing Plant Diversity......Page 38
Molecular marker systems......Page 39
Molecular markers in germplasm characterization......Page 43
Molecular markers in systematics and population genetics......Page 44
Prospects for molecular markers in biodiversity characterization......Page 45
References......Page 46
Biotechnology in Plant Germplasm Acquisition......Page 52
In situ conservation......Page 53
Static and dynamic conservation......Page 54
Plant exchange......Page 55
Acquisition planning......Page 56
Intellectual property rights......Page 57
Quarantine regulations......Page 58
Methods of acquisition......Page 59
Documentation......Page 61
Summary......Page 63
Tissue Culture Techniques in In Vitro Plant Conservation......Page 68
Germplasm acquisition......Page 70
Microbial contamination and disease indexing......Page 71
Tissue culture media......Page 72
Problems of culture establishment......Page 75
Propagule multiplication (morphogenesis)......Page 76
Plantlet development......Page 77
In vitro culture recalcitrance......Page 79
Use of plant tissue culture for germplasm storage......Page 80
Facilities for plant tissue culture......Page 81
References......Page 82
Phytosanitary Aspects of Plant Germplasm Conservation......Page 90
Quarantine......Page 91
International guidelines......Page 94
Virus detection......Page 95
Requirements for detection and diagnosis......Page 96
Serological detection......Page 97
Nucleic acid based assays......Page 98
Detection based on more traditional methods......Page 99
The significance of a test result......Page 100
Heat therapy......Page 101
Meristem tip culture......Page 102
Chemotherapy......Page 103
Conclusions......Page 105
Cryopreservation......Page 110
Preparing germplasm for cryopreservation......Page 111
Pre-treatments......Page 112
Traditional cryoprotection and controlled rate cooling......Page 113
Vitrification......Page 115
Freezing and long-term cryogenic storage......Page 116
Rapid freezing and long-term storage......Page 117
Cryopreservation protocols: techniques and practical considerations......Page 118
Conclusions......Page 120
Stability Assessments of Conserved Plant Germplasm......Page 124
Techniques to assess genetic stability......Page 125
Cytological analysis......Page 126
Genome structure......Page 127
Conclusion......Page 130
Applications of Biotechnology in Plant Diversity Conservation......Page 136
Conservation Strategies for Algae......Page 138
Alternative strategies employed to conserve algae......Page 139
Roles of genetic resource centres and culture collections......Page 140
Maintenance by storage in liquid medium......Page 142
Cryopreservation Techniques......Page 143
Concluding comments......Page 147
Acknowledgements......Page 148
Cryo-conservation of Industrially Important Plant Cell Cultures......Page 152
Stability of product formation after cryopreservation......Page 153
Ginsenosides......Page 154
Diosgenine......Page 155
Biotin......Page 156
Berberine......Page 158
Transformed root cultures for secondary metabolite production......Page 159
Conclusions......Page 160
References......Page 163
In Vitro Conservation of Temperate Tree Fruit and Nut Crops......Page 166
Literature review of progress......Page 167
Long-term storage in liquid nitrogen......Page 169
Germplasm storage......Page 172
Discussion: the role of storage technologies......Page 173
Impact on the storage and distribution of germplasm......Page 175
Conclusions......Page 176
Conservation of Small Fruit Germplasm......Page 182
Small fruit breeding......Page 183
World-wide small fruit germplasm collections......Page 184
In vitro conservation and cryopreservation......Page 185
Cold storage of tissue cultures......Page 186
The use of pollen storage for small fruit germplasm conservation......Page 187
Conservation of transgenic plant small fruit plant germplasm......Page 188
DNA banking......Page 189
Biotechnological Advances in the Conservation of Root and Tuber Crops......Page 192
Establishment of aseptic cultures......Page 193
Infection produced by viroids......Page 194
In vitro maintenance......Page 195
In vitro tuberization for long-term conservation......Page 197
Advances in germplasm utilization......Page 198
Cryopreservation......Page 199
Sweet potato cryopreservation......Page 202
References......Page 203
Biotechnology in Germplasm Management of Cassava and Yams......Page 206
Genetic diversity......Page 207
Integrated strategy for germplasm conservation......Page 208
Ex situ conservation......Page 209
Tissue culture methods for germplasm conservation and exchange......Page 210
Axillary bud and nodal cultures......Page 211
Microtuberization......Page 212
Reduced growth storage......Page 213
Cryopreservation......Page 214
Isozyme fingerprinting......Page 215
Use of RAPD-PCR, microsatellites and other molecular markers......Page 217
Applications to germplasm conservation, exchange, and improvement......Page 219
Germplasm conservation......Page 224
Conservation biotechnology and germplasm improvement......Page 226
Conclusions and future prospects......Page 228
References......Page 229
Conservation Biotechnology of Endemic and other Economically Important Plant Species of India......Page 238
In vitro techniques in conservation......Page 239
Somatic embryogenesis......Page 241
Conservation at normal culture room temperature (25C)......Page 244
Long-term conservation using cryopreservation......Page 245
Cryopreservation of recalcitrant seed species......Page 246
Characterization, classification and monitoring......Page 247
Monitoring genetic stability of conserved germplasm......Page 248
In vitro conservation activities at other research stations in India......Page 249
Conclusions......Page 250
The Application of Biotechnology for the Conservation of Endangered Plants......Page 254
In vitro propagation technologies and endangered plant species......Page 255
Propagation without seeds......Page 262
Genetic diversity and genetic stability......Page 263
Application of preservation technologies......Page 264
Application of in vitro collection biotechnology......Page 266
Application of genetic analysis and molecular techniques to endangered plant species conservation......Page 267
Summary......Page 268
Conservation of the Rare and Endangered Plants Endemic to Spain......Page 278
The application of micropropagation and in vitro conservation to endangered plants endemic to Spain......Page 279
Cryopreservation and the conservation of endangered endemic Spanish plants......Page 281
Cryopreservation of vegetatively propagated germplasm......Page 284
Plant diversity assessment for endangered species conservation......Page 286
Conclusions......Page 287
Acknowledgements......Page 288
References......Page 289
Recalcitrant Seed Biotechnology Applications to Rain Forest Conservation......Page 292
Seed characteristics......Page 293
Intermediate seeds......Page 294
Short-term and mid-term storage methods......Page 295
Cryopreservation......Page 296
Cryopreservation of excised embryos......Page 298
Cryopreservation of shoot tips......Page 300
Conclusions......Page 301
Applications of Biotechnology for the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Plants from Brazilian Rain Forests......Page 304
Background......Page 305
Why are Brazilian forests endangered?......Page 307
Abiotic factors......Page 308
Current and potential uses of biotechnology for in situ and ex situ conservation management of Brazilian forest species......Page 310
Uses of in vitro culture techniques for propagation and conservation......Page 318
Conclusions and future prospects......Page 321
Acknowledgements......Page 322
Index......Page 328
