In this book, practitioners and students discover perspectives on landscape, place, heritage, memory, emotions and geopolitics intertwined in evolving citizenship and democratization debates. This volume shows how memorialization can contribute to wider inclusive interpretations of history, tourism and human rights promoted by the European Project. It's geographies of memories can foster cooperation as witnessed throughout Europe during the 2014-18 WWI commemorations.
Due to new world orders, geopolitical reconfigurations and ideals that emerged after 1918, many countries ranging from the Baltic and Russia to the Balkans, Turkey and Greece, eastern and central Europe to Ireland are continuing with commemorations regarding their specific memories in the wider Europe. Shared memorial spaces can act in post conflict areas as sites of reconciliation; nonetheless `the peace' cannot be taken for granted with insecurities, globalization, and nationalisms in the USA and Russia; the UK's Brexit stress and populist movements in Western Europe, Visegrád and Balkan countries. Citizen-fatigue is reflected in socio-political malaise mirrored in France's Yellow Vest movement and elsewhere. Empathy with other peoples' places of memory can assist citizens learn from the past. Memory sites promoted by the EU, Council of Europe and UNESCO may tend to homogenize local memories; nevertheless, they act as vectors in memorialization, stimulating debate and re-evaluating narratives.
This textbook combines geographical, inter-cultural and inter-disciplinary approaches and perspectives on spaces of memory by a range of authors from different countries and traditions offers the reader diverse and holistic perspectives on cultural geography, dynamic geopolitics, globalization and citizenship.
Author(s): Gerry O'Reilly
Series: Key Challenges in Geography
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 533
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Introduction: Approaching Sites of Memory
Context, Legacies, Commemoration
Context
Legacies
Commemoration
Methodology and Process
Original Research Call: For Places of Memory and Legacies
Responses and Expressions of Interest
Conclusions
Reference
Concepts and Theory—Sites of Memory—Centennials, Narratives, Social-Constructions, Legacies and Emotions
WWI Centennials and Unfolding Legacies
WWI: The War to End All Wars
The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations
Legacies and Ghosts in Land and Mind-Scapes
Conclusions
Geography: Place and Memory Nexus
Introduction
Heritage: The Cumulus of Human Inheritances
Time, Pace, Human Life-Span and Memory
Symbolic Cathedrals: Sites of Memory
Narratives: Past and Present
Ypres/Ieper
Geography and Heritage
Landscape
Time, Place and Space
Sites of Memory
Sites: Shared Or Disputed
Sites of Memory: Sites of Education
Added Value of Sites of Memory in Formal and Informal Education
Interdisciplinarity: Geographers, Historians and Historiographers
Meta-Narratives
Conclusions
References
Memories and Experiences
Introduction: The Quest to Comprehend Time, Space and Memory
Reflections on Time
Memory, Phenomenology and Notre Dame De Paris
Memory, Consciousness and Direct Experience—Phenomenology
Contemporary Events, Making History and Princess Narratives
Meghan, Duchess of Sussex
Lady Diana, Princess of Wales
Wembley Stadium Heritages
Connecting Empathetically
Anniversaries and Centenaries
Destruction: People, Places and Memory
Destruction of Heritage and Places of Memory
Leuven/Louvain University Library
Rheims Cathedral—Notre-Dame
Less May be More: Destroyed Village Narratives
Conclusions
References
Cultural Landscape and Heritage Sites
Introduction: Regions and Sites
Geography and World Heritage
UNESCO: World Heritage Sites
Regional Geography
People-Centred Geography and Anthropology
Interdisciplinary: Landscape, Emotions and Places of Memory
Power, Democratization and the Use of Space: Parks and Squares
Conclusions
References
Sustainable Development Versus Human-Made Atrocities—Never Again
Introduction: Skills and Competencies—Past Histories
Knowledge, Competencies and Skills
Those Who Cannot or Else Refuse to Remember the Past
Heritage and Sites of Conscience
Sites of Conscience and Long-Time-Scales
Heritage and Sites of Memory
World Heritage Convention
Crime, Heritage and Memory
Each Site of Conscience Is Unique
The Challenges of Racism
Memory and Attempted Eradication of People, Culture and Sites
Cultural Eradication
Conclusions
References
The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations
Kaleidoscoping Centennial Memories (2012–23) in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin
Introduction: Commemorations and Glasnevin Cemetery
Landscape and Organization
Landscape Architecture
Spatial Organization
Glasnevin Cemetery—Spaces of Memory and Narratives: 1832—Present
Contexts
Discovering Glasnevin Cemetery
Death and Religion: Framing of the God Narratives
New Memorials and Commemorations
The 1916 Remembrance Wall
2014: Dedication of the Cross of Sacrifice, Glasnevin Cemetery
2016: Dedication of the France-Ireland Memorial
Spatiality of Memorials
Clashing Narratives Surrounding Why Irishmen Volunteered to Join the British Forces.
Colonialism, Post-colonialism and Today
Women, Revolution and Glasnevin
Tourism, Including Museum Events
Glasnevin Cemetery Museum
Re-Imagining Glasnevin Cemetery and Framing Future Narratives
Traditional Ethno-Religious and Nationalist Narratives
Ethno-Religious Constructions
Framing the Nationalisms
Nationalisms and Post-colonialism
Ireland: Memories and Trajectories
Conclusions
References
‘Nowhere to Pay Our Respects’: Constructing Memorials for the Irish Dead of World War I in the Republic of Ireland, 2006–2018
Introduction
World War I Commemoration in Ireland, 1919–1939
The Irish National War Memorial, Islandbridge, Dublin
Commemoration in Ireland Post 1939
Commemoration in Ireland Post-1995
Commemoration of World War I in Ireland 2006–2018
Contemporary Commemoration: Origins and Motivations
Funding Memorial Structures
Design and Symbolism of Memorials
Siting the Memorials
Creating Spaces of Remembrance: Actions and Reactions
Conclusions
References
Cultural Geographies of Gallipoli: Commemorations and Identity
Introduction
The Gallipoli Campaign
Commemorating Gallipoli in Turkey
Locational Aspect
Spatial Aspect
The Case of Balıkesir High School
Material Aspect
The National Park: Protection of the Gallipoli Battlefield
Conclusions
References
A New Memory Space: Sarikamiş (Kars/Turkey)
Introduction
Sarikamiş and the WWI Campaign
Events Leading up to Operation Sarikamiş
The Aftermath of Operation Sarikamiş
Military Losses: Archieves and Historians
How Sarıkamış Became a Memory Space
References
From the Great War to Interwar Fortifications: Changing Narratives Attached to the Military Landscape in Western Slovenia
Introduction
The Soča/Isonzo Front and Memorialization Narratives
The “Rediscovery” of the Interwar Fortifications
Conclusions
References
Trieste: Many Dimensions of a Disputed Port-City—At the Crossroads of Spaces and Times
Introduction: 100 Years Since the Great War
Trieste: At the Heart of Borders
A Culture Received, Built and Distributed
A City Where Opposites Meet
Memory in the Stones
A City of All and None
The geographer's Eye
The Unstoppable Force of Progress
The Irreplaceable Role of the Empire
Between Cosmopolitanism and Municipalism
References
Legacies and Ghosts in Landscapes and Mindscapes
Encounters Between Islam and Christianity: Mohács and Kosovo Polje
Introduction
Great Battles Against the Ottoman Empire: Impact on Identity Formation and Culture
Mohács 1526—Memorial Landscape
(Geo)Political Utilization of the Memorial Site of the Battle of Mohács
Memorial Landscape: Kosovo Polje 1389
Changing Political Contexts: Kosovo Polje Battlefield
Conclusions
References
Syria: Memorializing Past and Present ‘Martyrs’ Under Fire
Introduction
The Legacy of WWI
The Memory of Martyrs as a Factor in Forging National Identity
Commemorating Martyrs After the 2011 Uprising
Producing a Stronger Myth of Martyrdom
Reinforcing the Appeal to National Unity Against Imperial Powers
Conclusions
References
Of—Borders and Memories: Erased Boundaries in the Land of Israel
Introduction
Israel’s Borders
Changes at the Israeli Boundaries
Erased Boundaries
The Israel-Lebanon Border
The Green Line
The Mandelbaum Gate and Museum on the Seam
The Israel—Syria Border
Discussion
Memorialization: Factors Acting to Preserve the Border
Conclusions
References
The Conservation of Traumatic Ruins: A Piece of Memorabilia to Perform Urban Resilience
Introduction
The Fate of the Ruins
A Short History of the Voluntary Conservation of Urban Ruins
Conserving Ruins to Prevent Future Risk
The Urban Functions of the Ruins
Conclusions
References
Architectural Trends: Cultural and Social Affinities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)
Introduction
Historical-Cultural Contexts
Architectural Dialogue: Human-Environmental Relationships
Architecture and Socio-cultural Processes
Modern Architectural Expressions
The Historical Context of BIH Society
The Interwar Period
The New Social Reality
Character of Building and Political Ideologies
Relationship Between Private and Public Domain
New Social Needs and the New Spatial Program
Conclusions
References
Housing Memories in Riga: WWI and Its Aftermath—Representation of the Apartment in Soviet Cinema and Now
Introduction
The Modern Era: The Path Towards Independence
Ahead of New Changes: The Period of Independence
Memories of a Soviet Apartment: Idealized Residential Space in Soviet Cinema
Have We Inherited the Desire to Record an Apartment?
References
Lessons From the Past
Inclusive Heritage, Conflict Commemoration and the Centenary of World War One in Northern Ireland
Introduction
Discourse Analysis: ‘Authorised’ Versus ‘Inclusive’ Heritage
Conflict Heritage and the Museums Sector in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland’s ‘Contested Heritage’: The Decade of Centenaries/Anniversaries
Living Legacies 1914–18—A WWI Public Engagement Centre
Living Legacies: ‘From Past Conflict to Shared Future’
Sharing ‘Contested Heritage’ in Divided Societies
Conclusion: Inclusive Heritage, Conflict Commemoration and Divided Societies
References
Gibraltar: Recovery and Memorialisation of the First World War in the 21st Century
Introduction
The Absence of an ‘Official’ Gibraltar Story for WWI
Remembrance Sunday: Lest We Forget and the Gibraltar Chronicle
Memorialization of a Gibraltar History Lies in Education
Contact Zone
Gibraltar: US Navy Perspectives
Gibraltar: Local Narratives
Gibraltar: Remembrance Exhibitions and Recitals
Gibraltar Now ‘Recognised’—National Memorial Arboretum, Lichfield, UK
Concluding Remarks
References
The Heritage of Trauma: Commemorative Monuments of the Asia Minor Catastrophe in Greece
Introduction
Historical Background: Greek and Turkish Nationalisms
Human Geography: Categories of Trauma
Asia Minor Commemorative Monuments in Greece
‘The Monument of Asia Minores and Unforgotten Homelands’, Nea Philadelfia, Athens
‘The Monument of Asia Minor Hellenism’ in Herakleion, Crete
‘The History of Pisidia’, Nea Ionia Station, Athens
Discussion: Remembering Trauma on the Ground
Epilogue: On the Pedagogical Value of the Commemorative Monuments
References
Remembrance, Space, Education: Emancipatory and Activist Approaches Through (Geo-)media
Introduction
Holocaust Education, Citizenship Education and the (Austrian) Curriculum
Remembrance and (Geo)—Media: the Scientific Discourse
Places of Remembrance, Geomedia and Learning: An Activist Approach
Working with Geomedia and Wikis: Deportation Histories in Vienna
Experiences and Conclusions
References
Overall Concludins/Typo
References
Exploring Places of Memory and Their Legacies: Self-directed Learning, Activities and Questions for Reflection and Revision
Introduction
Educational Tools and Methodologies
Key Sources for Researching World War I Places of Memory
Artistic Representations of WWI: Cinema, Literature, Art and Music
Starting Points for the Use of Artistic Sources to Examine Places of Memory
Using Movies to Consider Key Questions: What Were the Main Causes of WWI?
Using Movies to Explore Complex, Multi-layered Events: Appraising the Gallipoli Narratives
Part I: Concepts and Theory—Sites of Memory—Centennials, Narratives, Social-Constructions, Legacies and Emotions
Part II: The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations
Part III: Legacies and Ghosts in Landscapes and Mindscapes
Part IV: Lessons from the Past
Building Understanding and Promoting Reconciliation: Final Suggestions
References
