PIC Microcontrollers: Know It All

Circuit Design: Know it All......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 16
1.1 Electrical Fundamentals......Page 22
1.2 Passive Components......Page 57
1.3 DC Circuits......Page 108
1.4 Alternating Voltage & Current......Page 145
1.5 Circuit Simulation......Page 172
1.6 Intuitive Circuit Design......Page 187
1.7 Troubleshooting Basics......Page 198
References......Page 229
Ch2 The Semiconductor Diode......Page 232
Reference......Page 236
Ch3 Understanding Diodes & Their Problems......Page 238
3.1 Speed Demons......Page 240
3.2 Turn 'em off-turn 'em on.........Page 241
3.3 Other Strange Things that Diodes Can Do to You.........Page 243
3.4 Zener, Zener, Zener.........Page 246
3.6 Optoisolators......Page 249
3.6 Solar Cells......Page 250
3.7 Assault & Battery......Page 252
References......Page 253
Ch4 Bipolar Transistors......Page 256
Reference......Page 268
Ch5 Transistors Field-Effect......Page 270
References......Page 275
Ch6 Identifying & Avoiding Transistor Problems......Page 276
6.1 More Beta-More Better?......Page 278
6.2 Field-Effect Transistors......Page 279
6.3 Power Transistors may Hog Current......Page 282
6.5 Fabrication Structures Make a Difference......Page 285
6.6 Power-Circuit Design Requires Expertise......Page 288
6.7 MOSFETs Avoid Secondary Breakdown......Page 290
References......Page 291
Ch7 Digital Circuit Fundamentals......Page 292
7.1 Digital Technology......Page 294
References......Page 299
8.1 Introduction......Page 300
8.2 Decimal-Unsigned Binary Conversion......Page 301
8.3 Signed Binary Numbers......Page 305
8.4 Gray Code......Page 310
8.5 Binary-Coded Decimal......Page 311
8.6 Octal-Binary Conversion......Page 312
8.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion......Page 315
9.1 Introduction......Page 322
9.2 Logical Operations......Page 323
9.3 Boolean Algebra......Page 324
9.4 Combinational Logic Gates......Page 327
9.5 Truth Tables......Page 329
References......Page 338
10.1 Introduction......Page 340
10.2 NAND & NOR Logic......Page 353
10.3 Karnaugh Maps......Page 355
References......Page 362
11.1 Introduction......Page 364
11.3 The D-Latch & D-Type Flip-Flop......Page 369
11.4 Counter Design......Page 375
11.5 State Machine Design......Page 387
11.7 Shift Registers......Page 398
11.8 Digital Scan Path......Page 400
References......Page 403
12.1 Introduction......Page 404
12.2 Random Access Memory......Page 406
12.3 Read-Only Memory......Page 407
13.1 Introduction......Page 410
13.2 Discrete Implementation......Page 412
13.3 Mask Programmable ASICs......Page 421
13.4 Field-Programmable Logic......Page 435
13.5 VHDL......Page 455
13.6 Choosing a Design Route......Page 457
14.1 Logic ICs......Page 462
15.1 Mixing Analog & Digital......Page 476
15.2 Generating Digital Levels from Analog Inputs......Page 479
15.3 Protection Against Externally Applied Overvoltages......Page 482
15.4 Isolation......Page 483
15.5 Classic Data Interface Standards......Page 486
15.6 High Performance Data Interface Standards......Page 492
16.1 Origins of Real-World Signals & Their Units of Measurement......Page 498
16.2 Reasons for Processing Real-World Signals......Page 499
16.4 Methods & Technologies Available for Processing Real-World Signals......Page 501
16.5 Analog Versus Digital Signal Processing......Page 502
16.6 A Practical Example......Page 503
16.7 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters......Page 510
16.8 FIR Filter Implementation in DSP Hardware Using Circular Buffering......Page 515
16.9 Designing FIR Filters......Page 518
16.10 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters......Page 529
16.11 IIR Filter Design Techniques......Page 532
16.12 Multirate Filters......Page 535
16.13 Adaptive Filters......Page 540
References......Page 544
Ch17 Dealing with High-Speed Logic......Page 546
References on Dealing with High Speed Logic......Page 553
Ch18 Bridging the Gap between Analog & Digital......Page 554
18.1 Try to Measure Temperature Digitally......Page 557
18.2 Road Blocks Abound......Page 561
18.3 The Ultimate Key to Analog Success......Page 569
18.4 How Analog & Digital Design Differ......Page 570
18.6 Organizing Your Toolbox......Page 577
18.7 Set Your Foundation & Move On, Out of The Box......Page 578
References......Page 579
19.1 The Magical Mysterious Op-Amp......Page 580
19.2 Understanding Op-Amp Parameters......Page 593
19.3 Modeling Op-Amps......Page 620
19.4 Finding the Perfect Op-Amp......Page 621
References......Page 639
Ch20 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 640
20.1 ADCs......Page 642
20.2 Types of ADCs......Page 645
20.3 ADC Comparison......Page 654
20.4 Sample & Hold......Page 655
20.5 Real Parts......Page 657
20.6 Microprocessor Interfacing......Page 658
20.7 Clocked Interfaces......Page 664
20.8 Serial Interfaces......Page 665
20.10 Internal Microcontroller ADCs......Page 671
20.12 Interrupt Rates......Page 673
20.13 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers......Page 674
20.14 Design Checklist......Page 676
21.1 Instrumentation & Control Systems......Page 678
21.2 Transducers......Page 680
21.3 Sensors......Page 681
21.4 Switches......Page 688
21.6 Thermocouples......Page 693
21.7 Threshold Detection......Page 695
21.9 LED Indicators......Page 697
21.11 Audible Outputs......Page 699
21.12 Motors......Page 702
21.13 Driving Mains Connected Loads......Page 703
22.1 Introduction......Page 706
22.2 Fundamentals of Low-Pass Filters......Page 707
22.3 Low-Pass Filter Design......Page 717
22.4 High-Pass Filter Design......Page 728
22.5 Bandpass Filter Design......Page 734
22.6 Band-Rejection Filter Design......Page 744
22.7 All-Pass Filter Design......Page 750
22.8 Practical Design Hints......Page 755
22.9 Filter coefficient tables......Page 765
References......Page 773
23.1 Modulation of Radio Waves......Page 774
23.2 Low-Power RF Amplifiers......Page 780
23.3 Stability......Page 783
23.4 Linearity......Page 788
23.5 Noise & Dynamic Range......Page 792
23.6 Impedances & Gain......Page 794
23.7 Mixers......Page 799
23.8 Demodulators......Page 804
23.9 Oscillators......Page 808
References......Page 816
24.1 Voltage References......Page 818
24.2 NonsinusoidaI Waveform Generators......Page 821
24.3 Sine Wave Generators......Page 829
24.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators & Phase Detectors......Page 838
References......Page 849
Ch25 EDA Design Tools for Analog & RF......Page 850
25.1 The Old Pencil & Paper Design Process......Page 856
25.2 Is Your Simulation Fundamentally Valid?......Page 859
25.3 Macromodels: What Can They Do?......Page 864
25.4 VHDL-AMS......Page 870
References......Page 888
26.1 Introduction......Page 890
26.3 Amplifiers......Page 894
26.4 Computing Circuits......Page 912
26.5 Oscillators......Page 923
26.6 Some Favorite Circuits......Page 931
References......Page 936
Ch27 Programmable Logic to ASICs......Page 938
27.1 Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)......Page 939
27.2 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs)......Page 943
27.3 Programmable Array Logic (PALs)......Page 944
27.4 The Masked Gate Array ASIC......Page 950
27.5 CPLDs & FPGAs......Page 952
References......Page 953
28.1 CPLD Architectures......Page 954
28.2 Function Blocks......Page 955
28.3 I/O Blocks......Page 957
28.4 Clock Drivers......Page 958
28.5 Interconnect......Page 959
28.7 Embedded Devices......Page 961
References......Page 967
29.1 FPGA Architectures......Page 968
29.2 Configurable Logic Blocks......Page 969
29.3 Configurable I/O Blocks......Page 972
29.4 Embedded Devices......Page 975
29.5 Programmable Interconnect......Page 976
29.7 SRAM vs. Antifuse Programming......Page 978
29.8 Emulating & prototyping ASICs......Page 982
29.9 Summary......Page 985
References......Page 986
30.1 Simulation......Page 988
30.2 Libraries......Page 992
30.3 Synthesis......Page 995
30.5 Place & Route......Page 998
30.7 Design Pitfalls......Page 999
30.9 Summary......Page 1000
References......Page 1001
31.1 Introduction......Page 1002
31.2 A Simple Embedded Processor......Page 1003
31.4 Summary......Page 1025
32.1 Introduction......Page 1026
32.2 Converting S-Domain to Z-Domain......Page 1027
32.3 Implementing Z-Domain Functions in VHDL......Page 1029
32.4 Basic Low-Pass Filter Model......Page 1034
32.5 FIR Filters......Page 1038
32.7 Summary......Page 1039
33.1 Microprocessor Systems......Page 1040
33.4 Microprocessor systems......Page 1041
33.6 Data Storage......Page 1045
33.7 The Microprocessor......Page 1046
33.8 Microprocessor Operation......Page 1053
33.9 A Microcontroller System......Page 1059
34.1 Microcontroller Supply & Reference......Page 1064
34.2 Resistor Networks......Page 1066
34.3 Multiple Input Control......Page 1067
34.4 AC Control......Page 1070
34.5 Voltage Monitors & Supervisory Circuits......Page 1071
34.6 Driving Bipolar Transistors......Page 1072
34.7 Driving MOSFETs......Page 1075
34.8 Reading Negative Voltages......Page 1078
34.9 Example Control System......Page 1080
35.1 Power Supplies......Page 1092
35.3 Off-the-Shelf or Roll Your Own......Page 1099
36.1 Voltage......Page 1102
36.3 Fuses......Page 1103
36.4 Switch-on Surge, or Inrush Current......Page 1105
36.5 Waveform Distortion & Interference......Page 1108
36.7 Efficiency......Page 1111
36.8 Deriving the Input Voltage from the Output......Page 1113
36.9 Low-Load Condition......Page 1115
36.10 Rectifier & Capacitor Selection......Page 1116
36.11 Load & Line Regulation......Page 1118
36.12 Ripple & Noise......Page 1120
36.13 Transient Response......Page 1122
37.1 Initial Considerations......Page 1124
37.2 Primary Cells......Page 1129
37.3 Secondary Cells......Page 1131
37.4 Charging......Page 1135
38.1 The Similarities of Analog & Digital Layout Practices......Page 1138
38.2 Where the Domains Differ-Ground Planes Can Be a Problem......Page 1142
38.3 Where the Board & Component Parasitics Can Do the Most Damage......Page 1144
38.4 Layout Techniques That Improve ADC Accuracy & Resolution......Page 1152
38.5 The Art of Laying Out Two-Layer Boards......Page 1156
38.6 Current Return Paths With or Without a Ground Plane......Page 1161
38.7 Layout Tricks for a 12-bit Sensing System......Page 1163
38.9 General Layout Guidelines-Ground & Power Supply Strategy......Page 1165
38.10 Signal Traces......Page 1168
38.12 Bypass Capacitors......Page 1169
38.13 Anti-Aliasing Filters......Page 1170
38.14 PCB Design Checklist......Page 1171
References......Page 1172
Ch39 Safety......Page 1174
39.1 The Hazards of Electricity......Page 1175
39.2 Safety Classes......Page 1176
39.4 Design Considerations for Safety Protection......Page 1177
39.5 Fire Hazard......Page 1179
Ch40 Design for Production......Page 1182
40.1 Checklist......Page 1183
40.2 The Dangers of ESD......Page 1185
41.1 In-Circuit Testing......Page 1188
41.3 Boundary Scan & JTAG......Page 1191
41.4 Design Techniques......Page 1195
42.1 Definitions......Page 1198
42.2 The Cost of Reliability......Page 1200
42.3 Design for Reliability......Page 1201
42.4 The Value of MTBF Figures......Page 1205
42.5 Design Faults......Page 1207
43.1 Using Thermal Resistance......Page 1208
43.2 Heatsinks......Page 1214
43.3 Power Semiconductor Mounting......Page 1218
43.4 Placement & Layout......Page 1222
A.1 British Standards......Page 1224
A.2 IEC Standards......Page 1227
Index......Page 1228