Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter1 Phytoremediation and environmental bioremediation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Constructed wetlands as phytoremediation tool of wastewater
1.2.1 Types of constructed wetland
1.3 Design criteria and calculations
1.3.1 Site selection
1.3.2 Hydrological factors
1.3.3 Vegetation
1.3.4 Substrates
1.4 Metal removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands
1.5 Case studies
1.5.1 Treatment of dairy wastewater with hybrid macrophyte assisted vermifilter
1.5.2 Macrophytes for salinity remediation of wastewater
1.6 Phytoremediation and environmental bioremediation in other areas
1.6.1 Phytoremediation in mine spoil
1.6.2 Phytoremediation of radionuclides
1.6.3 Phytoremediation of E-wastes
1.6.4 Phytoremediation of oil contamination in coastal ecosystem
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter2 Phytoremediation: The ultimate technique for reinstating soil contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Attributes of soil in relation to pollution/contamination
2.3 Sources of soil and water contamination and their consequences
2.4 Different types of pollutants and their fate in the soil and soil ecosystem
2.5 Different cleaning techniques and their shortcomings
2.5.1 Traditional methods
2.6 Components of phytoremediation
2.6.1 Phytoaccumulation/phytoextraction
2.6.2 Phytostabilization
2.6.3 Phytovolatilization
2.6.4 Phytodegradation
2.7 Hydraulic control
2.8 Hyperaccumulating plants for different environments
2.9 Enhancement of phytoremediation process
2.9.1 Genetically engineered plants
2.9.2 Phytoremediation enhanced techniques (plant–microbecombination systems)
2.9.3 Energy crops
2.9.4 Post–treatment of phytoremediation biomass
2.9.5 The outstanding reports on phytoremediation technique
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter3 Phytoremediation: A sustainable green approach for environmental cleanup
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phytoremediation as a cleanup technology
3.2.1 Definition
3.2.2 Mechanisms of plant phytoremediation
3.3 The potential of phytoremediation
3.3.1 Related to plants
3.3.2 Interface of the soil-tolerant plant
3.4 Case of study
3.4.1 Selection of tolerant plants for remediation of mining waste contaminated with multimetals
3.5 Final considerations
References
Chapter4 Recent developments in aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control: A case study on heavy metal removal from lake water and agricultural return wastewater with the use of duckweed \(Lemnacea\)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phytoremediation technology: an overview
4.2.1 Phytoextraction
4.2.2 Phytostabilization
4.2.3 Phytovolatilization
4.2.4 Phytodegradation/phytotransformation
4.2.5 Rhizodegradation/phytostimulation
4.2.6 Phytofiltration/rhizofilteration
4.3 Phytoremediation of heavy metals
4.3.1 Zinc
4.3.2 Copper
4.3.3 Nickel
4.3.4 Cadmium
4.3.5 Lead
4.3.6 Chromium
4.4 Aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control
4.4.1 Benefits of macrophytes as bioindicators in water pollution
4.4.2 Benefits of macrophytes as bioindicators in water pollution
4.4.3 Macrophytes types for removing heavy metals
4.4.4 Biosorption and bioaccumulation mechanisms of heavy metals
4.4.5 Factors affecting for heavy metal removal in Phytoremidation
4.4.6 Waste management and disposal in phytoremidation
4.5 Case study
4.5.1 Investigated area
4.5.2 Materials & methods
4.5.3 Results and discussion
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter5 Weed plants: A boon for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy metals
5.3 Categories of plants growing on metal contaminated soils
5.3.1 Metal excluders
5.3.2 Metal accumulators or hyperaccumulators
5.3.3 Metal indicators
5.4 Technologies for the reclamation of polluted soils
5.5 Mechanism of phytoremediation
5.6 Weeds
5.6.1 Types of weeds
5.7 Weed plants as phytoremediator
5.8 Future of phytoremediation using weed plants
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter6 Oxidoreductase metalloenzymes as green catalyst for phytoremediation of environmental pollutants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phytoremediation
6.3 Degradation of organic pollutants by phytoremediation
6.4 Oxidoreductase enzymes in phytoremediation of organic pollutants
6.4.1 Laccases
6.4.2 Oxygenases
6.4.3 Peroxidases
6.4.4 Nitroreductase
6.5 Transgenic plants used in phytoremediation of organic pollutants
6.6 Phytoremediation of dyes and effluents mediated
6.7 Heavy metal detoxification by phytoremediation
6.8 Role of phytochelatin and metallothioneine in plant metallic stress
6.9 Role of antioxidant enzymes against plant metallic stress
6.10 Transgenic plants in the phytoremediation of heavy metals
6.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter7 Phytoextraction of heavy metals: Challenges and opportunities
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytoremediation: sustainable green approach
7.2.1 Phytoextraction
7.2.2 Phytodegradation
7.2.3 Phytodesalination
7.2.4 Phytostabilization
7.2.5 Phytovolatilization
7.2.6 Phytofiltration
7.3 Phytoextraction: promising strategy to remediate heavy metal pollution
7.3.1 Metal hyperaccumulating plants: key assets of phytoextraction
7.3.2 Factors affecting phytoextraction
7.4 Challenges associated with phytoextraction process
7.5 Advancements in phytoextraction technique
7.6 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter8 Potential and prospects of weed plants in phytoremediation and eco-restoration of heavy metals polluted sites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phytoremediation: a green technology
8.2.1 Phytoremediation strategies
8.2.2 Potential of weed plants for phytoremediation
8.3 Eco-restoration of metal-polluted sites
8.3.1 Wetlands
8.3.2 Mine soils
8.3.3 Fly ash deposits
8.3.4 Tannery sludge
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter9 Biochemical and molecular aspects of heavy metal stress tolerance in plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanism of heavy metal tolerance
9.2.1 Amino acids
9.2.2 Phytochelatins
9.2.3 Metallothioneins
9.3 Role of metallothioneins in heavy metal tolerance
9.4 Heavy metal tolerance
9.5 Toxicity and heavy metal resistance in plants
9.6 Heavy metal deposition molecular pathway in plants
9.7 Conclusion and future scope
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter10 Monitoring the process of phytoremediation of heavy metals using spectral reflectance and remote sensing
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Arsenic and chromium contamination
10.3 Spectral reflectance and remote sensing
10.4 Uptake and accumulation of As and Cr in fern
10.5 Uptake and accumulation of Cr in mustard
10.6 Internal structural changes of fern
10.7 Heavy metal-induced structural changes in mustard
10.8 Plant spectral reflectance
10.9 Spectral reflectance of brake fern
10.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter11 Phytostabilization of metal mine tailings—a green remediation technology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact of mine tailing on environmental
11.3 Phyotostabilization of mine tailings
11.4 Phytomining of mine tailing
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter12 Phytoremediation of heavy metals, metalloids, and radionuclides: Prospects and challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Special characteristics of phytoremediating plants
12.3 Various mechanisms for removal of heavy metal metalloids
12.3.1 Phytodegradation
12.3.2 Phytoextraction
12.3.3 Phytofiltration
12.3.4 Phytostabilization
12.3.5 Phytovolatilization
12.4 Methods for enhancing phytoremediation capabilities
12.5 Genetic engineering
12.6 Utilization of microbes for improving performance of plant
12.7 Challenges associated with phytoremediation strategies
12.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter13 Phytoremediation of metal: Lithium
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and methods
13.2.1 The characteristics of the plant used in plant toxicity experiments
13.2.2 Experimental design
13.2.3 Plant analyses
13.2.4 Soil analyses
13.2.5 Statistics
13.3 Results and discussion
13.3.1 Some chemical characteristics of the experimental soil
13.3.2 Chemicals in soil and plant
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter14 Aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Macrophytes
14.3 Free-floating macrophytes
14.4 Submerged macrophytes
14.5 Emergent macrophytes
14.6 Sources of aquatic pollutants and their effects
14.6.1 Domestic sewage
14.6.2 Industrial waste
14.6.3 Mining industry
14.7 Pesticides and fertilizers
14.8 Heavy metal pollution
14.9 Phytoremediation: a green and an eco-friendly technology
14.10 Phytofiltration(Rhizofilration)
14.11 Potential role of macrophytes for environmental pollution control
14.11.1 Azolla
14.11.2 Eichhornia
14.11.3 Lemna minor
14.11.4 Potamogeton
14.11.5 Wolfia and Wolfialla
14.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter15 Role of rhizobacteria from plant growth promoter to bioremediator
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characteristics of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
15.3 Influence of different bacterial species on rhizobacteria
15.3.1 Pseudomonas species
15.3.2 Bacillus species
15.3.3 Rhizobium species
15.4 Mechanism of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
15.4.1 Direct mechanism
15.4.2 Indirect mechanism
15.5 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as bioremediators
15.6 Potential role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter16 Role of nanomaterials in phytoremediation of tainted soil
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanotechnology in soil remediation
16.2.1 Removal of heavy metals
16.2.2 Removal of pesticides
16.2.3 Removal of organic materials
16.3 Phytoremediation and contaminant removal
16.3.1 Phytoextraction
16.3.2 Phytodegradation
16.3.3 Phytovolatilization
16.3.4 Phytostabilization
16.3.5 Rhizodegradation
16.4 Nanomaterial facilitated phytoremediation and contaminant removal
16.4.1 Potential nanomaterials in phytoremediation of soil
16.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter17 Green technology: Phytoremediation for pesticide pollution
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of pesticides
17.2.1 Classification of pesticides based on toxicity
17.2.2 Classification on the basis of entry
17.2.3 Classification on the basis of chemical composition and structure
17.2.4 Classification on the basis of the target pests they kill
17.3 Hazardous impact of obsolete pesticides
17.3.1 Impact of pesticides on environment
17.3.2 Impact of the use of pesticides on human health
17.4 Salient features of green technology
17.4.1 Ozone
17.4.2 Bioaugmentation
17.4.3 Phytoremediation
17.5 Process of phytoremediation in pesticide removal
17.6 Antioxidant defense
17.7 Roles of transgenic plants in pesticide detoxification
17.7.1 Advantages of transgenic plants
17.7.2 Pesticide degrading enzymes in transgenic plants
17.7.3 Production of antibodies by transgenic plants for pesticide detoxification
17.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter18 Phytoremediation of persistent organic pollutants: Concept challenges and perspectives
18.1 Introduction
18.2 History, sources, and classification of persistent organic pollutants
18.2.1 History of persistent organic pollutants
18.2.2 Sources of persistent organic pollutants
18.2.3 Classification of persistent organic pollutants
18.3 Phytoremediation
18.3.1 Mechanism of phytoremediation
18.3.2 Endophytic associated phytoremediation
18.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons phytoremediation
18.5 Conclusion and prospective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter19 Gene mediated phytodetoxification of environmental pollutants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Heavy metals as major soil contaminants
19.2.1 Heavy metals
19.2.2 Heavy metals’ sources into the environment
19.2.3 Impact of heavy metals in environment
19.3 Plant strategies in phytoremediation of heavy metals
19.3.1 Phytoextraction
19.3.2 Phytovolatilization
19.3.3 Phytostabilization
19.3.4 Phytofiltration
19.3.5 Phytostimulation
19.4 Hyperaccumulator plants with their characteristics
19.4.1 Heavy metal ion transporter
19.4.2 Indigenous plants in phytoremediation of metals
19.4.3 Weed plants as natural hyperaccumulators
19.4.4 Genetically engineered plants as hyperaccumulators in phytoremediation of heavy metals
19.4.5 How do plants hyperaccumulate heavy metals?
19.5 Mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation, tolerance
19.5.1 Avoidance in plants
19.5.2 Tolerance in plants
19.5.3 Cellular and molecular pathways in phytoremediation
19.6 Phytoremediation with transgenics
19.6.1 Phytoremediation of organic pollutants with transgenic plants
19.6.2 Metal phytoremediation using transgenic plants
19.7 Increasing bioavailability of heavy metals
19.8 Conclusion
19.8.1 Concerns and future outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter20 Nano-phytoremediation technology in environmental remediation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nano-phytoremediation technology for pesticides hazards
20.3 Nano-phytoremediation of contaminated soil
20.3.1 Different soil pollutants and their nano-phytoremediation
20.3.2 Synthesized nanoparticles for decontamination of pollutants in soil
20.4 Nano-phytoremediation for heavy metal contamination
20.4.1 Heavy metal accumulator plants
20.4.2 Nanoparticles used for removal of heavy metals
20.5 Nano-phytoremediation for water contamination
20.5.1 Nanoparticles used for decontamination of water
20.6 Nano-phytoremediation bioenergy crops
20.7 Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter21 Nanophytoremediation technology: A better approach for environmental remediation of toxic metals and dyes from water
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sources of contamination in water
21.3 Conventional treatment for removal of metals and dyes from waste water
21.4 Nanophytoremediation and its advantages
21.4.1 Biosynthesis of nanoparticles
21.4.2 Nanoparticles synthesized from plants
21.4.3 Nanoparticles synthesized from microorganism
21.5 Different strategies for detection and removal of metals
21.5.1 Adsorption based metal and dye removal
21.5.2 Fluorescence-based metal detection and removal
21.5.2.3 Sensing based on dexter energy transfer
21.5.2.4 Inner filter effect
21.5.3 Photocatalysis-based dye removal techniques
21.6 Toxicity and environmental impact of nanophytoremediation
21.7 Limitations and future prospects
21.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter22 Constructed wetlands plant treatment system: An eco-sustainable phytotechnology for treatment and recycling of hazardous wastewater
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Wastewater from metallurgical industries
22.3 Sanitary effluents of a pet-care center
22.4 Fertilizer factory wastewater
22.5 Landfill leachate
22.6 Recycled paper industry
22.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter23 Ecological aspects of aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control: An eco-remedial approach
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Macrophytes: From adverse effects to environmental solution
23.3 Macrophytes and the contaminated environment: Discriminating between bioindication and phytoremediation
23.4 Phytoremediation mechanisms related to macrophytes
23.5 Nanoparticles
23.6 Spectroscopic methods in monitoring and evaluation
23.7 Macrophytes as a biological model
23.8 Electrochemical sensors applied to the study of aquatic
23.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter24 Phytoremediation of trace elements from paper mill wastewater with Pistia stratiotes L.: Metal accumulation and antioxidant response
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials and methods
24.2.1 Paper mill effluent (PME) collection and analysis of trace elements
24.2.2 Plant sample collection
24.2.3 Experimental set up
24.2.4 Harvesting and plant growth estimation
24.2.5 Determination of membrane injury index (MI)
24.2.6 Estimation of total chlorophyll and carotenoid
24.2.7 Lipid peroxidation, soluble protein, and free amino acid contents
24.2.8 Determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andsuperoxide radical (O2−)
24.2.9 Measurement of antioxidant enzyme activity
24.2.10 Determination of heavy metal in plant, wastewater
24.2.11 Calculation of phytoremediation potential of plants
24.2.12 Statistical analysis
24.3 Results
24.3.1 Effect of paper mill wastewater on plant growth parameters and plant pigments
24.3.2 Effect of paper mill wastewater on oxidative stress levels
24.3.3 Effect of PME on antioxidant activity
24.3.4 Metal content in plant tissue
24.3.5 Translocation factor(TF), and enrichment coefficient (EC) of trace elements
24.3.6 Pistia stratiotes improved the wastewater quality in terms of trace elements
24.4 Discussion
References
Chapter25 Electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: Present status, challenges, and opportunities
25.1 Remediation of contaminated soil
25.2 Phytoremediation
25.3 Electrokinetic remediation
25.4 Coupled technology electrokinetics phytoremediation
25.4.1 Electrophytoremediation at lab scale
25.4.2 Effect of the DC electric field
25.4.3 Enhancement with chelating agents
25.4.4 Application of AC/DC electric field
25.5 Influence of electrode configuration
25.6 Impacts on soil properties and microbial community
25.7 Patents and applications
25.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter26 Microbes-assisted phytoremediation of contaminated environment: Global status, progress, challenges, and future prospects
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fundamentals concept of phytoremediation practices
26.3 Microorganisms-assisted phytoremediation: An optimistic tools for remediation of environmental pollutants
26.4 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation
26.5 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation
26.6 Genetically modified microbe-assisted phytoremediation
26.7 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal
26.8 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of agricultural chemicals
26.9 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of petroleum and aromatic compounds
26.10 Worldwide emerging issues and challenges
References
Chapter27 Electricity production and the analysis of the anode microbial community in a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell
27.1 Introduction of constructed wetland microbial fuel cell
27.1.1 Construction of constructed wetland microbial fuel cell
27.1.2 The principle of CW-MFC
27.1.3 The application of CW-MFC in environmental remediation
27.2 Power generation performance and its influencing factors of CW-MFC
27.2.1 Influence of CW-MFC structure
27.2.2 Effect of electrode materials
27.2.3 Effect of electrode spacing
27.2.4 Impact of plants
27.2.5 Matrix effects
27.3 Analysis of microbial community structure in anode of CW-MFC
27.3.1 Influencing factors of anode microbial community
27.3.2 The development of detection technology for anode microorganism
27.4 Summary
References
Chapter28 Phytocapping technology for sustainable management of contaminated sites: case studies, challenges, and future prospects
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Phytocapping
28.3 Mechanism and strategy of phytocapping
28.4 Case studies
28.4.1 Case study 4.1
28.4.2 Case study 4.2
28.4.3 Case study 4.3
28.4.4 Case study 4.4
28.4.5 Case study 4.5
28.5 Opportunities, challenges, and future aspects
28.5.1 Opportunities
28.5.2 Challenges
28.5.3 Future prospects
28.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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