Phytochemistry, the Military and Health: Phytotoxins and Natural Defenses comes as a response to the gap that there has for so long existed between phytochemistry and survival of both service personnel and civilian communities during and after conflicts. Armed conflicts cause a lot of devastation to communities and should be avoided as much as it can be possible. The devastation is usually evident in service provisions such as Health, Education, Water, and Food among many others. Both service personnel and civilians are affected to various degrees. Facilities usually end up being physically destroyed, with no essential supplies and/or having dysfunctional systems. Going with untreated wounds, communicable and non-communicable diseases for weeks with no medical interventions due to the conflicts, disease burdens heavily weigh down on communities as well as security personnel. To make the situation even more complicated, masses of people are forced to migrate for safety and security reasons, likely going with diseases along wherever they go. In such instances, phytochemicals become handy in providing solutions from first aid, basic analgesia, antimicrobials, and the general improvement of health.
Phytochemicals are known to play a major role in the day to day management of diseases and health. There has been much research into their effectiveness as community medicines and as alternatives to conventional drugs. However, the role that phytochemicals play in the military, counterterrorism, and security has been overlooked. Phytochemistry, the Military and Health: Phytotoxins and Natural Defenses discusses the roles that phytochemicals play as friends and foes in the military, including insights aimed to help develop antidotes against phytochemicals and other chemical agents used maliciously as weapons. Filling a gap between drug discovery, security, and emergency medicine, this book describes which plants can be categorized for protection and controls, which can be helpful in times of conflicts and soon after conflicts, in military operations, and those that can be used as deterrents and as emergency medicines. Carefully designed to show the contribution that phytochemicals play in safety and security, this book is useful for researchers, regulators and anyone interested in plant chemistry.
Author(s): Andrew G. Mtewa, Chukwuebuka Egbuna
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 606
City: Amsterdam
Front-Matter_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
Copyright
Contributors_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
Contributors
1---Introduction-to-phytochemicals-and-t_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-a
Introduction to phytochemicals and the military
Introduction
Plants and phytochemicals
Phytochemicals during conflicts in some cited wars
Postconflict needs for phytochemicals
Conclusion
References
2---Phytochemicals--plant-toxins--and-their-inf_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
Phytochemicals, plant toxins, and their influence in military strategies
Introduction
Plants contribution to emergency medicine, potential misuse as poisons, and physical training grounds to the army/mi ...
Phytochemical-based strategic decisions in politics and the military
Useful and harmful plants used during conflicts
Plant toxins and chemical warfare agents used in conflicts
Recommendations to policy regulation and use of plants during conflicts
Conclusion
References
3---The-world-s-most-toxic-plants-service-pers_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
The worlds most toxic plants service personnel should be wary about
Introduction
Exposure to phytotoxins
Ingestion
Inhalation
Dermal or eye contact
Toxic effects of Phytotoxins
List of some common poisonous plants to watch out for
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock)
Ricinus communis (castor bean)
Hippomane mancinella (beach apple)
Cerbera odollam (pong pong)
Nerium oleander (Oleander)
Abrus precatorius (rosary pea)
Aconitum species (monkshood)
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
Brugmansia species (devils trumpet, jimsonweed)
Dieffenbachia species (Dumbcane)
Rhododendron species (azalea)
Personal protective equipment during operations
Conclusion and recommendations
References
4---Overview-of-the-traditional-systems-of-medicine_2021_Phytochemistry--the
Overview of the traditional systems of medicine in different continents during postwar recovery
Introduction
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants utilized globally
Traditional medicine in Africa
Herbalism
Spiritualism
Divination
Traditional medicine in South and East Asia
Traditional medicine in India
Traditional medicine in other continents such as South America and Northern Europe
Traditional medicine in different continents such as Asia, Africa, and America
Chinese
Theories in traditional medicine
Yin-Yang theory
Five-element theory
The Indian theory
Application of traditional medicine from different continents for the treatment of waterborne diseases during and a ...
Numerous types of factors that might be responsible for waterborne diseases during and after war activities
Cholera as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
Typhoid as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
Dysentery as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
Hepatitis as a typical example of waterborne diseases experienced during and after war activities
Modes of action of some specific metabolites containing phytochemicals that possess antimalarial activity during an ...
Conclusions
References
5---Ethnopharmacological-properties-of-Asian-medic_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
Ethnopharmacological properties of Asian medicinal plants during conflict-related blockades
Introduction
Demography
Traditional and complementary medicine
Dosage forms of ethno medicines
Asian medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases
Carica papaya
Azadirachta indica
Ocimum sanctum
Piper retrofractum
Mentha longifolia
Adhatoda vesica nees
Zingiber officinale
Crocus sativus
Moringa oleifera
Erythrina senegalensis
Sida acuta
Cochlospermum tinctorium
Piliostigma thonningii (schum)
Trichilia emetica vahl
Heliotropium indicum Linn.
Opilia celtidifolia Guill
Anthocleista djalonensis
Cosmetic ethnopharmacology
Conclusion
References
6---Applications-of-phytochemicals-against-nerv_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
Applications of phytochemicals against nerve agents in counterterrorism
Introduction
An overview of nerve agent mode of action and pathophysiological consequences
Chemical approach to antinerve agent poisoning
The application of weak reversible AChE inhibitors
The use of stigmines as antidotes against nerve agents
Cholinesterase reactivators: Oximes and hydroxylamine
Acetylcholine receptor modulators and auxiliary neuromodulators
The potential of atropine and benzodiazepines
Chemical allosteric modulation of AChE
Direct chemical decontamination, neutralization and elimination
Application of nonbiological catalysts in the decontamination of nerve agents
The potential of metal-organic frameworks in chemical warfare degradation
Biological approach to antinerve agent poisoning
Microbial approach
Biochemical and immunological approach to nerve agent poisoning
The role of bioscavengers
The cholinesterases as bioscavengers
Carboxylesterases
The potential of human paraoxonase 1
Recombinant and heterologously expressed antibodies against nerve agents
Future prospects
Conclusion
References
7---Psychoactive-plants-and-phytochem_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-
Psychoactive plants and phytochemicals
Introduction
Psychoactive plants
Neuroprotective plants
Ginkgo biloba
Panax ginseng
Curcuma longa
Other spices-derived neuroprotective
Lycium barbarum
Nootropic herbs
Antianxiety and antidepressant natural products and their derivatives
Psychoactive phytochemicals
Khat alkaloids
Mechanism of action of khat alkaloids
Dependence
Kratom alkaloids
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Mushroom alkaloids
Adverse effects
Sceletium alkaloids
Mechanism of action
Pscychoactive diterpenes
Mechanism of action
Dependence
References
8---Plant-based-analgesics-during-con_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-
Plant-based analgesics during conflicts
Introduction to the pathophysiology of pain and analgesics
Pain and its types
Acute pain
Chronic pain
Nociceptive pain
Neuropathic pain
Management of pain
Guidelines for pain management
Physical approach
Psychological approach
Medications
Pros and cons of self-management
Natural sources of analgesics
Analgesic properties of plants
Known plants that are used in the treatment of pain among soldiers during conflicts
Isolated bioactive compounds with analgesic activity
Conclusion
References
9---Important-antihistaminic-plants-and-their_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milit
Important antihistaminic plants and their potential role in health
Introduction
Phytoconstituents with reported antihistaminic activities
Quercetin
Catechin
Flavones
Triterpenes
Antihistaminic plants
Clinical trials
Conclusion
References
10---Plants-and-phytochemicals-against-accide_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milit
Plants and phytochemicals against accidental plant skin poisoning
Introduction
Skin poisoning and plant poisons
Injury caused by plants in accidental plant skin poisoning
Mechanical injury
Primary irritant or contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Photosensitization dermatitis
Plants and phytochemicals against accidental plant skin poisoning
Conclusion
References
11---Plants-for-management-of-diarr_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-He
Plants for management of diarrhea
Introduction
Etiology of diarrhea
Chemotherapeutic management of diarrhea
Medicinal plants in diarrhea therapy
Conclusion
References
12---Phytochemical-solutions-in-the-face-of-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Milita
Phytochemical solutions in the face of chemical subjection
Introduction
Management and treatment guidelines for chemical subjection
Skin and environmental decontamination activity potential of plants
Wound healing plants
Chelating plants
Plants with antidote properties
Anticancer plants
Cholinergic plants
Antiemetic and ocular plants
Pulmonary disease management plants
Conclusion
References
13---Pharmafoods-for-body-cleansing-of-toxic-expos_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
Pharmafoods for body cleansing of toxic exposure to chemical and biological warfare agents
Introduction
Selected plants for the development of pharmafoods
Coffee
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Green tea
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Lemon
Avocado (Persea americana)
Apple
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Modes of action of pharmafoods which could be utilized for cleansing of toxic substances
Conclusion and recommendations
References
14---Prevention-of-liver-problems-from-adverse-chemi_2021_Phytochemistry--th
Prevention of liver problems from adverse chemical agents by healthy nutrition and Unani dietotherapy
Introduction
The liver as an organ to metabolize drugs and chemicals
Common chemicals and drugs which damage liver cells
Pathophysiology of toxic liver disease
Symptoms of toxic liver disease
General measures for prevention of toxic liver disease
Concept of usage of healthy nutrition in toxic liver disease
Nutritional elements helpful in preventing and treating liver problems
Good hydration
Fruits and vegetables
Dietary supplements as antioxidants
Phytoestrogens in legumes, seed oils, and nuts
Consumption of proteins
Hepatoprotective plants
Use of dietotherapy (ilaj bil ghiza) of Unani medicine in the prevention and treatment of toxic liver diseases
Conclusion
References
15---Food-allergens-and-how-to-ameliorate-thei_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
Food allergens and how to ameliorate their effects by phytochemicals
Introduction
Types of allergies
Drug allergy
Food allergies
Latex allergy
Animal allergy
Allergies from plants
Food allergy
Health effects of food allergy
Management and treatments of food allergy
Phytochemicals an alternative remedy to food allergens
Food allergy in the army
Future perspective
Conclusions
References
16---Plants-against-malarial-and-typho_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and
Plants against malarial and typhoid fever
Introduction
Plants from different folk medicines with proved in vitro antimalarial activity
Sub-Saharan African medicines
West Africa
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Nigeria
Ivory coast
Ghana
Others
East Africa
Uganda
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
Central Africa
South Africa
Asia
China
India
Others
Central and South America
Marine plants with antimalarial activity
Different phytoconstituents having antimalarial activities
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Terpenes
Miscellaneous secondary metabolites
Plants proved in vivo antimalarial activity
Plants with proven in vivo anti-typhoid activity
Conclusion
References
17---Plants-effective-against-insomnia-an_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-
Plants effective against insomnia and sleep apnea
Introduction
A brief etiology of insomnia
The etiology of apnea
Insomnia and sleep apnea pathological crosstalk
Conventional therapeutic approaches
Plants effective against insomnia and apnea
Piper (Kava-kava)
Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of kava extracts
Concerns about kava toxicity
Valeriana (Valerian)
Phytochemistry of and pharmacology of Valeriana spp.
Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower)
Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Passiflora
Melissa officinalis
Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Melissa
Anthemis (Chamomile)
The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Anthemis
Lavandula (Lavender)
Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lavandula species
Newbouldia laevis (Boundary tree)
Phytochemical properties and neuropharmacological potential of N. laevis
Diospyros (Ebenaceae)
The Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Diospyros species
Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae)
The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Gelsemium
Salvia (Rosmarinus)
Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Salvia species
Conclusive remarks
References
18---Roles-of-medicinal-plants-in-the-treatment_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
Roles of medicinal plants in the treatment of connective tissue diseases
Introduction
Connective tissue disease
Connective tissue restoration
Medicinal plants in the treatment of connective tissue diseases
Conclusion
References
19---Life-threatening-diseases-and-conditions-in-t_2021_Phytochemistry--the-
Life-threatening diseases and conditions in the battlefield: Pyrotherapeutic perspectives
Introduction
The history of war time diseases and plant-based therapies
Life-threatening diseases that occurred on the battlefield
Typhoid epidemic during the war
Trench fever in world war 1
Trench fever today
Typhus during the war
Gas gangrene
Influenza
The fury of infectious disease during war times
Overall effects of disease in war strategies
Mitigation of threatening diseases in the battlefield
Conclusion
References
20---Plant-based-nutrition-supplementation-on-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
Plant-based nutrition supplementation on the well-being of servicemen
Introduction
Important definitions
Strategies to improve health through proper nutrition and physical activity
The WHO global strategy on nutrition, physical activity, and health
Nutrition standards
Application of nutrition standards in practice
History of setting nutritional standards
Rules of nutrition in the army
Proposals for nutritional standards for land forces
Proposals for nutrition standards for special forces
Discussion
Energy requirements of soldiers
The need to educate soldiers about the principles of proper nutrition and safe use of dietary supplements
Nutritional contribution of some food products
Conclusions
References
21---Obesity--Causes--consequences--and-disease_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mil
Obesity: Causes, consequences, and disease risks for service personnel
Epidemiology
Biochemical aspects of obesity
Psychological aspects of obesity
Hormonal response to stress
Behavioral, stress and obesity
Stress and obesity in military personals
Environmental aspects of obesity
Consumption of fast food
Food environment
Obesity: Clinical aspects
Disease risks associated with obesity
The major risks to health as a result of obesity are briefly discussed below
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Coronary heart disease
Congestive heart failure
Stroke
Chronic kidney disease
Osteoarthritis
Obstructive sleep apnea
Cancer
Gynecologic disorders
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Contribution
References
22---Water-testing-for-potential-phytochemical_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
Water testing for potential phytochemical contamination and poisoning
Introduction
The defensive phytochemicals and different plant uses
Defensive phytochemicals
Flavonoids
Alkaloids
Plant uses
Self-defense
Water purification
Soil purification and value addition
Pharmaceuticals
Military applications
Water phytocontamination, poisoning, and phytochemical linkages to water-borne infections
Direct water contamination and poisoning
Indirect contamination and poisoning
Phytochemicals and water-borne diseases
Analytical methods for phytochemical analysis
Methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
High performance liquid chromatography
Time of flight mass spectrometry coupled liquid chromatography (ToF-MS-LC)
Ultra-violet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy
Conclusion
References
23---Identification-and-analysis-of-toxic-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military
Identification and analysis of toxic phytochemicals
Introduction
Toxic plants
Toxic phytochemicals
Alkaloids
Atropine
Strychnine
Curare alkaloids
Ricinine
Aconitine
Coniine
Colchicine
Other alkaloids
Glycosides
Cardiac glycosides
Cyanogenic glycosides
Glycoalkaloids
Thioglycosides
Lectins
Coumarins
Analysis of toxic phytochemical
Sample preparation
Analysis of toxic phytochemicals in plants
Analysis of toxic alkaloids
Analysis of toxic glycosides
Analysis of toxic Coumarins
Analysis of toxic phytochemicals in biological fluids
Conclusion
References
24---Molecular-optimization-of-phytochemica_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Militar
Molecular optimization of phytochemicals into antidotes
Introduction
Overview of the drug development process
The development of potential therapeutics against a disease
Designing tools in drug and antidote development
Data analysis in antidote designing
R-group breakdown for the synthesis
Antidote development against other poisons (antivenom)
Further analyses
An opportunity in data sharing
Conclusion
References
25---Application-of-nanoceutical-technology-for-_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mi
Application of nanoceutical technology for fast and efficient control of illness
Introduction
Specific examples of nanoceutical that is been used for the management of critical illness
Conclusion and recommendations
References
26---Water-resources-security-and-management-f_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Mili
Water resources security and management for sustainable communities
Introduction
Water contamination
Management technologies
Phytoremediation for water pollutants
Naphthophytes for petroleum compounds remediation
Hydrophytes for the reclamation of water reservoirs
Wetlands role in water purifications
Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
27---Impacts-of-inorganic-organic-pollutants-on-a_2021_Phytochemistry--the-M
Impacts of inorganic/organic pollutants on agroecosystems and eco-friendly solutions
Introduction
Indicators of soil degradation
Bioavailability of pollutants in soils
Soil contamination with crude oil
Green remediation techniques
Bioremediation
In situ and ex situ bioremediation
Bioaugmentation
Electrobioremediation
Phytoremediation
Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Phytovolalization
Phytodegradation
Rhizodegradation
Rhizofiltration
Case studies of soil contamination and remediation
Promises and limitations of soil remediation
Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
28---Plant-based-first-aid-kits-for-emerg_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-
Plant-based first aid kits for emergency response
Introduction
History of medicinal plant use in military interventions
Pre-world war era
World war and cold war era
Effect of phytochemicals on the cognitive function well-being of military personnel
Plants as food and medicine remedies for military interventions
First aid innovations from plants
Plant-based herbal patches
Nanomaterial body lotions, soaps, and jells
Air conditioning and hand dryers
Conclusion
References
Index_2021_Phytochemistry--the-Military-and-Health
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