Physiology of woody plants

Front cover......Page 1
PHYSIOLOGY OF WOODY PLANTS......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
HEREDITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF GROWTH......Page 16
PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION OF GROWTH......Page 17
PROBLEMS OF FORESTERS, HORTICULTURISTS, AND ARBORISTS......Page 18
SUMMARY......Page 21
INTRODUCTION......Page 24
CROWN FORM......Page 25
STEM FORM......Page 26
LEAVES......Page 27
STEMS......Page 34
WOOD STRUCTURE OF GYMNOSPERMS......Page 38
WOOD STRUCTURE OF ANGIOSPERMS......Page 40
BARK......Page 42
ROOTS......Page 43
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES......Page 50
SUMMARY......Page 52
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
CELL AND TISSUE GROWTH......Page 55
DORMANCY......Page 57
SHOOT GROWTH......Page 60
SHOOT TYPES AND GROWTH PATTERNS......Page 65
SHOOT GROWTH IN THE TROPICS......Page 69
CAMBIAL GROWTH......Page 70
ROOT GROWTH......Page 83
SHEDDING OF PLANT PARTS......Page 87
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF GROWTH......Page 95
SUMMARY......Page 100
INTRODUCTION......Page 102
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS......Page 103
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN GYMNOSPERMS......Page 111
MATURATION OF SEEDS......Page 117
ABSCISSION OF REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES......Page 118
SUMMARY......Page 120
INTRODUCTION......Page 122
CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE......Page 123
THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC MECHANISM......Page 125
CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC TISSUES......Page 134
CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 136
VARIATIONS IN RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 137
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS......Page 147
WATER SUPPLY......Page 162
PLANT FACTORS......Page 173
SUMMARY......Page 179
ENZYMES AND ENERGETICS......Page 184
RESPIRATION......Page 188
ATP......Page 189
RESPIRATION OF PLANTS AND PLANT PARTS......Page 195
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATION......Page 203
ASSIMILATION......Page 209
SUMMARY......Page 210
KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES......Page 214
CARBOHYDRATE TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 219
USES OF CARBOHYDRATES......Page 220
ACCUMULATION OF CARBOHYDRATES......Page 223
AUTUMN COLORATION......Page 226
SUMMARY......Page 229
INTRODUCTION......Page 232
LIPIDS......Page 233
WAXES, CUTIN, AND SUBERIN......Page 235
INTERNAL LIPIDS......Page 238
ISOPRENOIDS OR TERPENOIDS......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 246
INTRODUCTION......Page 248
DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF NITROGEN......Page 249
IMPORTANT NITROGEN COMPOUNDS......Page 255
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS......Page 259
SOURCES OF NITROGEN......Page 261
THE NITROGEN CYCLE......Page 265
SUMMARY......Page 268
INTRODUCTION......Page 270
FUNCTIONS OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS AND EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCIES......Page 271
ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS......Page 276
THE SOIL MINERAL POOL......Page 277
LOSSES OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS FROM ECOSYSTEMS......Page 285
ABSORPTION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS......Page 292
SUMMARY......Page 299
INTRODUCTION......Page 302
ABSORPTION OF WATER......Page 309
WATER ABSORPTION PROCESSES......Page 323
ROOT AND STEM PRESSURES......Page 324
ASCENT OF SAP......Page 327
THE WATER CONDUCTING SYSTEM......Page 328
SUMMARY......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 340
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION......Page 345
INTERACTION OF FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION......Page 353
TRANSPIRATION RATES......Page 355
WATER LOSS FROM PLANT STANDS......Page 357
THE WATER BALANCE......Page 364
EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS......Page 369
ADAPTATION TO DROUGHT......Page 370
SUMMARY......Page 380
MAJOR CLASSES OF PLANT HORMONES......Page 382
OTHER REGULATORY COMPOUNDS......Page 388
MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION......Page 391
SUMMARY......Page 392
Bibliography......Page 394
Index......Page 456