Physiology of Behavior

Cover
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
Foundations of BehavioralNeuroscience
The Goals of Research
Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
Natural Selection and Evolution
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
Evolution of Human Brains
Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
Research with Animals
Research with Humans
The Future of Neuroscience: Careers and Strategies for Learning
Careers in Neuroscience
Strategies for Learning
Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
The Nervous System: An Overview
Neurons
Supporting Cells
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Communication Within a Neuron
Neural Communication: An Overview
Electrical Potentials of Axons
The Membrane Potential
The Action Potential
Conduction of the Action Potential
Communication Between Neurons
Structure of Synapses
Release of Neurotransmitters
Activation of Receptors
Postsynaptic Potentials
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
Autoreceptors
Other Types of Synapses
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
Basic Features of the Nervous System
Anatomical Directions
The Meninges and Ventricular System
Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Forebrain: Telencephalon
The Forebrain: Diencephalon
The Midbrain: Mesencephalon
The Hindbrain: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
The Spinal Cord
Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology and Neurotransmitters
Principles of Psychopharmacology
An Overview of Psychopharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Effectiveness
Effects of Repeated Administration
Placebo Effects
Sites of Drug Action
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
Effects on Receptors
Effects on Reuptake and Deactivation of Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Amino Acids
Acetylcholine (ACh)
The Monoamines
Peptides
Lipids
Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
Experimental Ablation
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
Producing Brain Lesions
Stereotaxic Surgery
Histological Methods
Tracing Neural Connections
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
Recording Neural Activity
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
Stimulating Neural Activity
Neurochemical Methods
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
Localizing Particular Receptors
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
Genetic Methods
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genomic Studies
Targeted Mutations
Antisense Oligonucleotides
CRISPR-Cas Methods
Chapter 6: Vision
The Eye
Introduction to Sensation and Perception
The Stimulus: Light
Anatomy of the Eye
Photoreceptors
Transduction
Central and Peripheral Vision
Overview of the Visual Pathway
Other Retinal Pathways
Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Striate Cortex
Extrastriate Cortex
Perceiving Color
Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells
Role of the Retina
Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
Perceiving Form
Role of the Striate Cortex
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
Perceiving Spatial Location
Role of the Retina
Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
Perceiving Orientation and Movement
Role of the Striate Cortex
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
Audition
The Stimulus: Sound
Anatomy of the Ear
Auditory Hair Cells Transduce Auditory Information
The Auditory Pathway
Perceiving Pitch
Perceiving Loudness
Perceiving Timbre
Perceiving Spatial Location
Perceiving Complex Sounds
Perceiving Music
Vestibular System
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
The Vestibular Pathway
Somatosenses
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
Perceiving Cutaneous Stimulation
The Somatosensory Pathways
Perceiving Pain
Gustation
The Stimuli
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
Perceiving Gustatory Information
The Gustatory Pathway
Olfaction
The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
Transducing Olfactory Information
Perceiving Specific Odors
Chapter 8: Control of Movement
Skeletal Muscle
Anatomy
The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
Sensory Feedback from Muscles
Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
The Gamma Motor System
Polysynaptic Reflexes
Control of Movement by the Brain
Cortical Structures
Planning: and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
Subcortical Structures
Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
Complex Motor Behavior
Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
Deficits of Skilled Movements: Apraxias and Dyspraxia
Limb Apraxia
Constructional Apraxia
Dyspraxia
Chapter 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
What Is Sleep?
Stages of Sleep
Brain Activity During Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Functions of Sleep
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep
Functions of REM Sleep
Sleep and Leaming
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
Neural Control of Sleep
Neural Control of Arousal
Neural Control of Sleep/Waking Transitions
Neural Control of Transition to REM
Disorders of Sleep
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
RE~A Sleep Behavior Disorder
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
Biological Clocks
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
Chapter 10: Reproductive and Parental Behavior
Sexual Development
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
Development of the Sex Organs
Sexual Maturation
Control of Sexual Behavior by Hormones and Pheromones
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
Human Sexual Behavior
Effects of Pheromones
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
Male Sexual Behavior
Ferrtale Sexual Behavior
Formation of Pair Bonds
Sexual Orientation
Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones
Role of Steroid Hormones
Sexual Orientation and the Brain
Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
Heredity and Sexual Orientation
Parental Behavior
Maternal Behavior of Rodents
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
Chapter 11: Emotion
Fear
Components of Emotional Response
Research with Laboratory Animals
Research with Humans
Aggression
Research with Laboratory Animals
Research with Humans
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior
Impulse Control
Role of the vmPFC
Brain Development and Impulse Control
Serotonin and Impulse Control
Moral Decision Making
Communication of Emotions
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
Feeling Emotions
The James-Lange Theory
Feedback from Emotional Expressions
Chapter 12: Ingestive Behavior
Drinking
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
Two Types of Thirst
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst
What Is Metabolism?
The Short-Term Reservoir
The Long-Term Reservoir
Fasting Phase
Absorptive Phase
What Starts a Meal?
Environmental Factors
Gastric Factors
Metabolic Signals
What Stops a Meal?
Short-Term Satiety
Environmental Factors
Sensory Factors
Gastric Factors
Intestinal Factors
Liver Factors
Insulin
Adipose Tissue Factors
Brain Mechanisms
Brain Stem
Hypothalamus
Obesity
Possible Causes
Treatment
Eating Disorders
Possible Causes
Treatment
Chapter 13: Learning and Memory
Overview of Learning and Memory
Types of Learning
Types of Memory
Stimulus-Response Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Motor Learning
Role of the Cortex
Role of the Basal Ganglia
Perceptual Learning
Role of the Cortex
Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory
Relational Learning
Role of the Hippocampus
Role of the Cortex
Amnesia
Role of the Hippocampus
Stimulus-Response Learning
Motor Learning
Perceptual Learning
Relational Learning
Long-Term Potentiation
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
Role of NMDA Receptors
Role of AMPA Receptors
Role of Synaptic Changes
Chapter 14: Human Communicaltion
Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Lateralization
Language Production and Comprehension in the Brain
Bilingualism
Prosody
Voice Recognition
Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
Disorders of Language Production: Broca' s Aphasia
Disorders of Language Conrrprehension: Wernicke' s Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
Stuttering
Disorders of Reading and Writing
Pure Alexia
Toward an Understanding of Reading
Tovvard an Understanding of Writing
Chapter 15: The Developing Nervous System
Development of the Nervous System
An Overview of Brain Development
Prenatal Brain Development
Postnatal Brain Development
Disorders of Development
Toxic Chemicals
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
Down Syndrome
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Syrnptoms
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Brain Changes
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Symptoms
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Brain Changes
Chapter 16: Neurological Disorders
Tumors and Seizures
Tumors
Seizures
Cerebrovascular Accidents
Causes
Treatments
Traumatic Brain Injury
Causes
Treatments
Degenerative Disorders
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Dementia
Korsakoff 's Syndrome
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Chapter 17: Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders
Schizophrenia
Description
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Anomalies in Schizophrenia
The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
Affective Disorders
Description
Genetic Factors
Biological Treatments
Role of the Frontal Cortex
The Monoamine Hypothesis
Role of the 5-HT Transporter
Role of Neurogenesis
Role of Circadian Rhythms
Chapter 18: Stress and Anxiety Disorders
Stress
Physiology of the Stress Response
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
Effects of Stress on the Brain
Psychoneuroimmunology
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Syrnptoms
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Brain Changes
Treatment
Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Brain Changes
Treatment
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Symptoms
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Brain Changes
Treatment
Chapter 19: Substance Abuse
Common Features of Substance Abuse
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Genetic Factors
Alcohol
Nicotine
Stimulants
Brain Mechanisms Associated with Commonly Abused Drugs
Opiates
Stimulants
Nicotine
Alcohol
Cannabis
Treatment for Substance Abuse
Opiates
Stimulants
Nicotine
Alcohol
Brain Stimulation
Glossary
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References
Name Index
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Subject Index
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