This book is a collection of comprehensive reviewed chapters covering major physiological aspects, both production as well as biochemical aspects, of a plant under low temperature stress. Low temperature stress has been dealt in two parts, first between 10 to 00 C and secondly between 0 to -400 C. This book highlights the physiological aspects of plants under low temperature stress and explains the various adaptive measures plants undergo to tolerate low temperature stress. Essential information is provided on germination, growth and development, dry matter accumulation, partitioning and final yield of a crop plant. As physiology deals with morphological and biochemical aspect of all the basic processes, therefore an in depth understanding the major physiological issues in plants under high temperature will help plant breeders to tailor different crop plants with desirable physiological traits to do better under higher temperature. The present book is intended to cover the effects of low temperature stress on the various physiological aspects in plants. Not only in production physiology, this book also deals with major biochemical processes, like photosynthesis, nitrogen and lipid metabolism, mineral nutrition and plant growth hormones. Efforts have been made deal with different measures to mitigate the effects of low temperature stress on plants. This book will be an asset for post graduate students, faculty members, researchers engaged in not only in physiological studies but also agronomy, plant breeding and like subjects. In depth analysis of the major physiological processes in plants under low temperature stress that are presented in this book will help plant breeders for tailoring crops for desirable physiological traits needed to survive and to give better economic return under the threats of low temperature stress. This book is also helpful for policy planners and industries engaged in agribusiness in short term as well as long term gain.
Author(s): A. Bhattacharya
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 746
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1: Effect of Low-Temperature Stress on Germination, Growth, and Phenology of Plants: A Review
1.1 Low-Temperature Stress
1.1.1 Chilling Injury
1.1.2 Freezing and Frost Injury
1.1.3 Physiological and Molecular Changes Under Low Temperature
1.2 Low Temperature and Seed Germination
1.2.1 Seed Priming and Germination Under Low Temperature
1.3 Seedling Growth Under Low Temperature
1.4 Root Development Under Low Temperature
1.5 Constraints of Environmental Temperature
1.5.1 Low Temperature
1.6 Growth and Development Under Low Temperature
1.6.1 Vegetative Growth
1.6.2 Temperature Effects on Aboveground Growth and Biomass Production
1.6.3 Reproductive Growth
1.6.4 Yield and Yield-Related Attributes
1.6.5 Temperature Sensitivity of Different Growth Phases
1.7 Response of Perennial Crops to Low-Temperature Stress
1.8 Mechanisms of Acclimation to Low Non-freezing Temperatures
1.8.1 The Role of Carbohydrates
1.8.2 The Role of Osmolytes
1.8.3 The Role of Plant Growth Hormones
1.8.4 Modifications to Plant Cell Membranes
1.8.5 The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species
1.8.6 Interaction(s) of Genes
1.8.7 Alteration of Meiotic Recombination and Somatic Mutation
1.9 Phenological Development
1.10 Temperature and Flower Induction
1.10.1 Effect of Temperature During Flower Maturation and Shoot Development
1.10.1.1 Water Status
1.10.1.2 Respiration
1.10.1.3 Carbohydrate Distribution
1.10.1.4 Endogenous Plant Growth Regulators
Gibberellins
Auxins
1.10.1.5 Effect of Cropping System
1.11 Molecular/Genetic Aspects of Flowering Response to Climate Change
1.12 Simulation of Phenology for Future Climate
References
2: Low Temperature Stress and Plant-Water Relationship: A Review
2.1 Plant and Water
2.2 Soil and Water
2.2.1 Soil Moisture Constants
2.2.1.1 Saturation
2.2.1.2 Hygroscopic Coefficient
2.2.2 Soil Temperature
2.2.3 Soil Water Storage and Availability to Plants
2.2.4 Water Transmission Characteristics
2.2.5 Crop Rooting Behavior and Soil Water Retention
2.3 Plant-Water Relations
2.3.1 Concept of Water Potential
2.3.2 Components of Water Potential
2.3.2.1 Solute/Osmotic Potential (Psis)
2.3.2.2 Pressure Potential (Psip)
2.3.2.3 Matric Potential (Psim)
2.3.2.4 Gravitational Potential (Psig)
2.4 Water Uptake by Roots
2.4.1 Root Water Uptake Concepts
2.4.2 Water Absorption by the Roots
2.4.3 Root Water Uptake under Low-Temperature Conditions
2.4.4 Transpiration
2.4.5 Ascension of Water Through the Plant: Vascular System
2.4.6 Disruption of Water Movement
2.4.7 Signal Controlling Root Water Uptake Under Stress Condition
2.5 Plant-Water Relationship under Low-Temperature Stress
2.5.1 Transpiration and Transpiration Efficiency
2.5.2 Water-Use Efficiency
2.5.3 Induction of Tolerance
2.5.4 Low-Temperature Tolerance of Woody Plants
2.5.5 Approaches for Induction of Low-Temperature Stress Tolerance
2.5.6 Nutrient Management to Alleviate the Low-Temperature Stresses
2.5.6.1 Nitrogen
2.5.6.2 Potassium
2.5.6.3 Calcium
2.5.6.4 Magnesium
2.5.6.5 Boron
2.5.6.6 Manganese
2.5.6.7 Selenium
2.6 Mechanism of Water Status Regulation
2.6.1 Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics and Water Control
2.6.2 Stomata Metabolism
2.6.3 Redox Signaling
2.6.4 Sugar Signaling
2.6.5 Control of Oxidative Stress
2.6.6 Control on Lipid Changes
2.6.7 Hormonal and Molecular Responses at Different Levels of Water Stress
2.6.8 Osmotic Regulation
2.7 Acclimation to Cold Stress
References
3: Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Photosynthesis and Allied Traits: A Review
3.1 Plant Metabolic Activities Under Change in Global Temperature
3.2 Photosynthesis Under Low Temperature
3.2.1 Low Temperature Stress and Chloroplast Membrane Integrity
3.2.2 Low Temperature Stress and Pigment System
3.2.3 Effect of Low Temperature on Stomata
3.2.3.1 Low Temperature and Chlorophyll
3.2.3.2 Regulation of Sucrose-Starch Accumulation Under Low Temperature
3.3 Impact of Suboptimal Temperature on Photosynthesis
3.3.1 Photosynthesis in C4 Plants
3.3.2 Control of Photosynthetic Processes in C4 Plants
3.3.3 Thermal Acclimation of C4 Photosynthesis
3.4 Cellular Mechanisms Against Chilling Damage and Oxidative Stress
3.5 Effect of Low Temperature Stress on CO2 Fixation
3.6 Effect of Low Temperature on Respiration and ATP Generation
3.7 Low Temperature and Photorespiratory Process
3.8 Cold Acclimation and Its Role in Providing Freeze Tolerance
3.9 Low Temperature Stress-Induced Changes
3.9.1 Effects on Photosynthetic Pigments
3.9.2 Effects on Photosystems
3.9.3 Effects on Gas-Exchange Characteristics
3.9.4 Effects on Activities of Key Photosynthetic Enzymes
3.10 Improving Photosynthetic Capacity Through Photosynthetic Related Genes or Transcription Factors
3.10.1 Transfer of C4 Genes/Traits to C3 Plants
3.10.2 Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) in Photosynthesis
3.11 Strategies to Ameliorate Cold Stress and Improve Photosynthesis
3.12 Management Strategies Against Low Temperature Stress
3.12.1 Selection and Breeding Strategies
3.12.2 Agronomic and Physiological Measures
3.12.2.1 Application of Compatible Solutes
3.12.2.2 Application of Plant Growth Regulators
3.12.2.3 Use of Mineral Nutrients
3.12.2.4 Seed Priming
3.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
4: Low-Temperature Stress and Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants: A Review
4.1 Low-Temperature Stress and Metabolic Response in Plants
4.2 Nitrogen Cycle
4.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation
4.2.2 Decomposition
4.2.3 Nitrification
4.2.4 Denitrification
4.2.5 Biogeochemical Linkage of Nitrogen and Carbon
4.2.6 Soil Organic Matter
4.2.7 Perturbations and Nitrogen and Carbon Biogeochemistry
4.2.8 Organic Nitrogen
4.2.9 Mineralization
4.2.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
4.2.11 Nitrogen Fixation in Nonleguminous Plants
4.3 Factors Influencing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes
4.3.1 Temperature
4.3.2 Soil Water Status
4.3.3 Nitrogen Concentration in the Root Zone
4.3.4 Carbon Demand for Fixation
4.3.5 Seasonal Regulation of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
4.3.6 Changes in Nitrogen Fixation with Plant Growth Stage
4.3.7 Influence of Nitrate on Nodulation
4.3.8 Influence of Nitrate on Nitrogenase Activity
4.4 Nitrogen Assimilation
4.4.1 Nitrate Reduction
4.4.1.1 Partitioning of Nitrate Reductase Activity Between Leaves and Roots
4.4.1.2 Effect of Environmental Factors on Nitrate Reduction
4.4.1.3 Ammonium Depression of Nitrate Reduction
4.4.1.4 Effect of Tissue Age on Nitrate Assimilation
4.4.1.5 Effect of Low Temperature on Nitrate Reductase Activity
4.4.1.6 Nitrate Accumulation as Influenced by Nitrate Distribution in Plants
4.4.2 Ammonia Assimilation
4.4.2.1 Effect of Low Temperature on Ammonia Assimilation
4.4.2.2 pH and Ionic Balance During Nitrogen Assimilation
4.5 Cold Acclimation and Tolerance to Freezing Stress
4.5.1 Cold Acclimation
4.5.2 Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Low Temperature
4.5.3 Inducible Response
4.5.4 Nitrogen and Amino Acid Metabolism
4.5.5 Protein Metabolism
4.5.6 Free Amino Acids
4.5.7 Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Cold and Frost Tolerance
4.5.8 Exogenous Application of Amino Acid Under Temperature Stress
4.5.9 Enzyme Variation
4.5.10 Protein Content
4.5.11 Genetic Analysis of Cold Acclimation
4.6 Protein Synthesis
4.6.1 Types of Proteins
4.6.1.1 Cold Shock Proteins
4.6.1.2 Heat Shock Protein
4.6.1.3 Antifreeze Proteins
4.6.1.4 Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins
4.6.1.5 Pathogenesis-Related Proteins
4.6.1.6 Seed Storage Proteins
4.6.2 Protein Synthesis
4.7 Chilling Stress and Potential Management Opportunities
4.7.1 Plant Responses to Chilling and Drought Stresses
4.7.2 Molecular Responses
4.7.3 Management Strategies
4.7.3.1 Selection and Breeding Strategies
4.7.3.2 Molecular and Functional Genomics Approaches
4.7.3.3 Agronomic and Physiological Measures
4.7.3.4 Application of Compatible Solutes
4.7.3.5 Application of Plant Growth Regulators
4.7.3.6 Effect of Nitric Oxide
4.7.4 Exogenous Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate Ameliorates Low-Temperature Stress
References
5: Lipid Metabolism in Plants Under Low-Temperature Stress: A Review
5.1 Biological Role of Lipids in Plants
5.2 Lipids in Plants
5.3 Importance of Lipid Metabolism to Cold Stress
5.3.1 Role of Cytosolic Lipid Droplets in Stress Response
5.3.2 Role of Triacylglycerol in Stress Response
5.3.3 Lipid Antioxidant and Galactolipid Remodeling Under Low Temperature
5.3.4 Low-Temperature Stress and Free Fatty Acids
5.4 Effect of Low-Temperature Stress on Different Plants
5.4.1 General Effects of Chilling Temperature (Between 20 and 0 C) on Plant Physiology
5.4.2 General Effects of Freezing Temperature (Below 0 C) on Plant Physiology
5.4.3 Rapeseed (Brassica napus)
5.4.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
5.4.5 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
5.4.6 Rice (Oryza sativa)
5.4.7 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
5.4.8 Soybean (Glycine max)
5.4.9 Food Legumes
5.4.10 Adzuki Beans (Vigna angularis)
5.4.11 Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)
5.4.12 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
5.4.13 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
5.4.14 Coffee (Coffea arabica)
5.4.15 Cucumber (Cucumis sativa) and Fig Leaf Gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia)
5.4.16 Zoysiagrass
5.5 Roles of Lipid Signaling in Stress Responses
5.5.1 Role of Lipid as Signaling Molecule During Stress Response
5.5.2 Role of Phosphatidic Acid in Signaling
5.5.3 Role of Free Fatty Acid in Signaling
5.5.4 Role of Sphingolipids in Signaling
5.5.5 The Signal Transduction of Membrane Lipids Under Cold Stress
5.6 Role of Lipid in Mitigating the Low-Temperature Stress
5.6.1 Effects of Cold Stress on Membrane Permeability
5.6.2 Effects of Cold Stress on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation
5.6.3 Effects of Cold Stress on Membrane Lipid Component
5.6.4 Effect of Cold Stress on Membrane Remodeling
5.6.5 Effects of Cold Stress on Membrane Lipid Unsaturation
5.7 Mechanism of Temperature Adaptation
5.7.1 cis-Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Membrane Fluidity
5.7.2 Low-Temperature Effect on Lipids of Cyanobacteria
5.7.3 Low-Temperature Effects on Lipids of Higher Plants
5.7.4 Low-Temperature Stress in Field and Forage Production
5.7.5 How Low Temperature Is Perceived?
5.8 Cold Stress: Symptoms, Sensing, and Strategy
5.8.1 Lipid Profiling Under Cold Stress
5.8.2 Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acids to Low-Temperature Stress
5.8.3 Lipid Metabolism of Horticultural Products
5.8.4 Characterization of Cold Stress Responses
5.9 Metabolic Changes During Cold Stress and Cold Acclimation
5.9.1 Role of Triacylglycerol in Plant Stress Response
5.9.2 Effect of Exogenous Lipids on Cold Acclimation and Fatty Composition
5.10 Lipid Biosynthesis Under Low-Temperature Stress in Plants
5.10.1 Temperature-Induced Lipid Pathway Adjustments in Plants
5.10.2 Glycerolipid Response to Cold and Freezing Temperature
5.10.3 Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis
5.11 Lipid Hydrolysis Under Low-Temperature Stress
References
6: Plant Growth Hormones in Plants under Low-Temperature Stress: A Review
6.1 Plant Growth Hormones
6.2 Classes of Plant Growth Hormones
6.2.1 Abscisic Acid
6.2.2 Auxins
6.2.3 Gibberellins
6.2.4 Cytokinins
6.2.5 Ethylene
6.2.6 Brassinosteroid
6.2.7 Jasmonates
6.2.8 Salicylic Acid
6.2.9 Strigolactones
6.2.10 Polyamines
6.3 Importance and Use of Plant Growth Hormones
6.3.1 In Vitro Plant Tissue Culture
6.4 Physiological Responses in Plants to Low Temperature
6.4.1 Classification of Plants under Low Temperature
6.5 Role of Different Growth Hormones on Growth and Yield
6.6 Effect of Low Temperature on the Activity of Plant Growth Hormone
6.6.1 Abscisic Acid and Low-Temperature Stress
6.6.2 Role of Auxins under Cold Stress
6.6.3 Brassinosteroids and Low-Temperature Stress
6.6.4 Salicylic Acid and Low Temperature
6.6.5 Gibberellic Acids and Low Temperature
6.6.6 Cytokinins and Low-Temperature Stress
6.6.7 Jasmonic Acid and Low-Temperature Stress
6.6.8 Thiourea and Low-Temperature Stress
6.6.8.1 Influence of Thiourea on Other Plant Hormones
6.7 Role of Growth Hormones in Plants under Low Temperature
6.7.1 Effect on Plant Architecture
6.8 Mechanism of Cold Tolerance and Role of Growth Hormones
6.9 Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormones for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
6.9.1 Abscisic Acid
6.9.2 Auxins
6.9.3 Cytokinins
6.9.4 Ethylene
6.9.5 Gibberellins
6.9.6 Brassinosteroids
6.9.7 Jasmonates
6.9.8 Salicylic Acid
6.9.9 Strigolactones
6.9.10 Polyamines
6.10 Strategies for Crop Improvement through Growth Hormones under Low-Temperature Stress
6.10.1 Compatible Organic Solutes
6.10.2 Plant Growth Regulators
6.10.3 Exogenous Use of Organic Compounds
6.10.4 Agronomic Management
1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid
References
7: Effect of Low Temperature on Dry Matter, Partitioning, and Seed Yield: A Review
7.1 Dry Matter Partitioning
7.2 Dry Matter Partitioning and Yield in Cereals
7.3 Dry Matter Partitioning and Yield in Grain Legumes
7.4 Dry Matter Partitioning and Yield in Grain Oilseed Crops
7.5 Carbon Partitioning and Acclimation to Environmental Stress
7.6 Factors Affecting Dry Matter Partitioning
7.6.1 Energy Investment in Seeds, Fruits, and Storage Organs
7.6.2 Breeding
7.6.3 Determinacy
7.6.4 Effects of Pests and Diseases
7.6.5 Temperature Extremes During Flowering and Grain Filling
7.6.6 Pre-/Post-anthesis Water Use
7.6.7 Water Use, Soil Mineral Nitrogen, and Harvest Index
7.6.8 Hormonal Control of Photosynthate Partitioning
7.6.9 Plant Growth and Carbon Partitioning
7.6.10 Effects of Nitrogen Partitioning
7.7 Exploring G x E Interaction for Increasing Harvest Index in Crops
7.8 Management Techniques to Increase Harvest Index
7.9 Carbon Partitioning in Different Plant Parts
7.10 Temperature Effects on Dry Matter Partitioning
7.10.1 Low temperature (Chilling) Stress
7.10.2 Low Root Temperature and Dry Matter Production
7.11 Dry Matter, Grain Yield, and Harvest Index Values for Crops
7.11.1 Wheat
7.11.2 Barley
7.11.3 Sorghum
7.11.4 Rice
7.11.5 Maize
7.11.6 Chickpea
7.11.7 Field Pea
7.11.8 Faba Bean
7.11.9 Lentil
7.11.10 Lupin
7.11.11 Brassica Crops
7.11.12 Sunflower
7.12 Seed Yield
7.13 Low Temperature and Seed Yield
7.14 Factors for Yield Gaps
7.15 Physiological Traits Associated with Improvement in Seed Yield
7.15.1 Time to Flower and Plant Height
7.15.2 Dry Matter Production and Its Partitioning
7.15.3 Main Yield Components
7.15.4 Associations Between Yield Attributes
7.15.5 Yield Potential Versus Stress Adaptation: GE Interaction
7.16 Changing Climate and Seed Yield
7.17 Effect of Temperature Stress on Seed Yield
7.18 Physiological Avenues for Increasing Yield Potential
7.18.1 Increasing Radiation-Use Efficiency
7.18.2 Biomass Increase
7.18.3 Phenological Adjustment
7.18.4 Plant Responses to Low Temperature
7.18.5 Reproductive Development Under Low Temperature
7.18.6 Yield Components and Yield Under Low Temperature
7.18.7 Traits for Tolerance to Abiotic Stress
7.18.8 Combination of Stress
7.19 Engineering for Cold Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
7.19.1 Role of Proteomics in Crop Stress Management
7.19.2 Chilling Acclimation
References
