Physics in the Arts

Front-Matter_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
Physics in the ArtsThird EditionP.U.P.A Gilbert
Copyright_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
Copyright
Introduction_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
Introduction
Light and sound
A unique take on color and music
Light and sound analogies
The purpose of this book
Teacher and Student Resources
Acknowledgments_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Light-and-light-waves_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
1 . Light and light waves
1.1 Dual nature of light
1.2 Speed of light
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
1.4 Polarization
1.5 Polarizers
1.6 Large and small numbers
Chapter-2---Reflection-and-refraction_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
2 . Reflection and refraction
2.1 Specular reflection of light
2.2 Refraction of light
2.3 Total internal reflection
2.4 Due to refraction, things are not where they appear
2.5 Reflection and refraction in diamonds
2.6 Rainbows
2.7 Interesting brightening and darkening effects
2.8 Questions
Chapter-3---Lenses_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
3 . Lenses
3.1 Refraction by a prism
3.2 Converging and diverging lenses
3.3 Focal length
3.4 Real and virtual images
3.5 Three easy rays
3.6 The thin lens formula
3.6.1 Object distance greater than focal length
3.6.2 Place the object 50 cm away from the lens
3.6.3 Object distance smaller than the focal length
3.6.4 Diverging lens
3.7 More on converging and diverging lenses
3.8 Lens aberrations
3.8.1 Chromatic aberrations
3.8.2 Spherical aberration
3.8.3 Distortions
3.8.4 Coated lenses
3.9 Lenses in art
3.10 Questions
Chapter-4---The-human-eye_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
4 . The human eye
4.1 Components of the human eye
4.2 Accommodation
4.3 Eyeglasses
4.4 Nearsighted eye
4.5 Farsighted eye
4.6 Astigmatic eye
4.7 Presbyopia and multifocal lenses
4.8 Contact lenses and eye surgery
Chapter-5---Photography_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
5 . Photography
5.1 The camera
5.2 Focusing the camera
5.3 Taking a photo: exposure time, f number, and ISO
5.4 Shutters
5.4.1 Leaf shutter
5.4.2 Focal plane shutter
5.4.3 Digital shutter
5.5 Exposure time of shutter speed
5.6 Aperture and f number
5.7 The sensor and its ISO
5.8 Putting it all together: taking a photograph
5.9 Fun photographic facts
5.9.1 Rolling shutters
5.9.2 Long and short exposure times
5.9.3 Zoom, wide-angle, and fisheye lenses
5.9.4 Expensive and inexpensive digital cameras
5.10 Questions
Chapter-6---Color-and-color-vision_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
6 . Color and color vision
6.1 Physical and perceived color
6.2 Sensitivity curves of cones
6.3 Complementary colors
6.4 Mixed and spectral colors
6.5 Definition of color: hue, saturation, brightness
6.6 The perceived brightness depends on the surroundings
6.7 All colors in the spectrum simplified to RGB
6.8 Why is the sky blue, the sunset red, and a lemon yellow?
6.9 Color blindness
6.10 Color seen by other animals
6.11 Color adaptations
6.12 Questions
Chapter-7---Additive-color-mixing_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
7 . Additive color mixing
7.1 Mixing lights
7.2 Primary colors
7.3 Adding primary colors
7.4 The color triangle
7.5 Low-brightness colors
7.6 Spectral colors
7.7 Nonspectral colors
7.8 Complementary colors on the color triangle
7.9 Additive color mixing in painting
7.10 Questions
Chapter-8---Subtractive-color-mixing_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
8 . Subtractive color mixing
8.1 Spectra
8.2 Filters and transmission
8.3 Paints and scattering
8.4 Subtractive primary colors
8.5 Blue and yellow may or may not make green
8.6 Multiple scattering
8.7 Spectra, computers, and the color triangle
8.8 Change in hue
8.9 Mixing unequal amounts of paint
8.10 Using a computer to mix paints to obtain any color you wish
8.11 Celestial sleuthing
8.12 Questions
Chapter-9---Color-generating-mechanisms_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
9 . Color-generating mechanisms
9.1 Illuminating light
9.2 Pigments in animals and plants
9.3 Structural color in animals: iridescence
9.4 More iridescent color-generating mechanisms
9.5 Color in gemstones
9.6 Mineral color due to charge transfer
9.7 Mineral color due to color centers
9.8 Color in gems due to band gap absorption of light
Chapter-10---Sound-waves_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
10 . Sound waves
10.1 Mechanical waves
10.2 Propagation of a pulse
10.3 Longitudinal and transverse waves
10.4 Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves
10.5 Frequency
10.6 Speed of sound in air
10.7 Wavelength and frequency
10.8 Relevance to the size of instruments and loudspeakers
10.9 Sound propagation
10.10 Concert Hall acoustics
10.11 Questions
Chapter-11---Simple-harmonic-motion_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
11 . Simple harmonic motion
11.1 Definition of simple harmonic motion
11.2 Various simple harmonic oscillators
11.3 Hooke's law
11.4 Pendulum
11.5 Mass on a spring
11.6 Frequency of oscillation
11.7 Anharmonic oscillators
11.8 Waveform of simple harmonic oscillators
11.9 Phase angle
11.10 Other nonsimple, harmonic oscillators
11.11 Questions
Chapter-12---Damping-and-resonance_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
12 . Damping and resonance
12.1 Damped oscillations, damping time
12.2 Resonance
12.3 Build-up and decay of musical notes
12.4 Resonators in musical instruments and speakers
12.5 Questions
Chapter-13---Vibration-of-strings_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
13 . Vibration of strings
13.1 Pulse on a string
13.2 The first, fundamental mode
13.3 Higher modes
13.4 Traveling versus standing waves
13.5 The voicing formula
13.6 How modes relate to music: partials
13.7 Damping of higher partials
13.8 Plucked strings: missing partials
13.9 Playing harmonics
13.10 Real strings are stiff
13.11 Guitar, violin, harp, and piano strings
13.12 Questions
Chapter-14---Waves-in-pipes_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
14 . Waves in pipes
14.1 Pressure pulse in a pipe
14.2 Open and closed pipes, boundary conditions
14.3 Acoustic length
14.4 Standing waves in open pipes
14.5 Fundamental frequency of open pipe
14.6 Higher modes of open pipe
14.7 Fundamental frequency of closed pipe
14.8 Higher modes of closed pipe
14.9 Playing tunes on wind instruments: fingerholes and overblowing
14.10 Other shapes
14.11 Questions
Chapter-15---Superposition--beats--and-harmony_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
15 . Superposition, beats, and harmony
15.1 Superposition of sound waves, phase, interference
15.2 Principle of superposition
15.3 Two pure tones of the same frequency, phase shift as an angle
15.4 Beats
15.5 Harmony
15.6 Phase changes the waveform, not the sound
15.7 Just for fun: lissajous figures
15.8 Questions
Chapter-16---Musical-scales_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
16 . Musical scales
16.1 The need for musical scales
16.2 Musical intervals
16.3 Harmony and small number ratios
16.4 The major triad
16.5 Constructing the just scale
16.6 Names of intervals
16.7 Whole-tone and semitone intervals
16.8 Transposing: why black keys?
16.9 The problems with the just scale
16.10 Perfection sacrificed: the tempered scale
16.11 Major and minor scales
16.12 The natural scale
16.13 Questions
Chapter-17---Fourier-analysis_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
17 . Fourier analysis
17.1 Fourier's theorem
17.2 Fourier spectra
17.3 Fourier analyzer
17.4 Fourier synthesis
17.5 Why can't you synthesize a Stradivari?
17.6 Questions
Chapter-18---Musical-instruments_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
18 . Musical instruments
18.1 The structure of musical instruments
18.2 Excitation mechanism
18.3 Playing a tune
18.4 Strings
18.5 Woodwinds
18.6 Brass instruments
18.7 Percussion instruments
18.8 Voice
18.9 Questions
Chapter-19---Sound-perception--Timbre--loudness--and-_2022_Physics-in-the-Ar
19 . Sound perception: timbre, loudness, and pitch
19.1 Timbre and Fourier spectrum
19.2 Loudness, amplitude, volume, sound intensity level, and decibels
19.3 Loudness also depends on frequency
19.4 Pitch and frequency
Chapter-20---The-ear_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
20 . The ear
20.1 The outer ear
20.2 The middle ear
20.3 The inner ear
20.4 Amplitude and loudness
20.5 Frequency, period, and sequence of nerve pulses sent to the brain
Chapter-21---Solutions-to-all-questions_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
21 . Solutions to all questions
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter-22---Formulae--constants--and-useful-physical_2022_Physics-in-the-Ar
22 . Formulae, constants, and useful physical data
22.1 Light
22.2 Sound
Index_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts
Index
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