Physics Grade 12 : Concepts and Connections II

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright Page......Page 2
Acknowledgements......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 5
To the Student......Page 10
UNIT A Forces and Motion: Dynamics......Page 13
CHAPTER 1 Kinematics and Dynamics in One Dimension......Page 16
1.2 Distance and Displacement......Page 17
1.3 Unit Conversion and Analysis......Page 19
1.4 Speed and Velocity......Page 20
1.5 Acceleration......Page 21
1.6 An Algebraic Description of Uniformly Accelerated Linear Motion......Page 22
The Guinea and Feather Demonstration......Page 31
Acceleration due to Gravity......Page 32
Velocity......Page 36
1.9 Dynamics......Page 44
1.10 Free-body Diagrams......Page 45
1.11 Newton's First Law of Motion: The Law of Inertia......Page 46
Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference......Page 47
1.12 Newton's Second Law of Motion......Page 48
1.13 Newton's Third Law: Action–Reaction......Page 51
1.14 Friction and the Normal Force......Page 56
1.15 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 60
Calculating Gravitational Forces......Page 62
STSE – New Respect for the Humble Tire......Page 64
Summary......Page 66
Exercises......Page 67
Lab 1.1 – Uniform Acceleration: The Relationship between Displacement and Time......Page 73
Lab 1.2 – Uniform Acceleration: The Relationship between Angle of Inclination and Acceleration......Page 74
CHAPTER 2 Kinematics and Dynamics in Two Dimensions......Page 75
Vector Addition......Page 76
2.2 Relative Motion......Page 82
Relative Velocity Problems......Page 83
Problems Involving Non-perpendicular Vectors......Page 86
2.3 Projectile Motion......Page 90
2.4 Newton's Law in Two Dimensions......Page 97
2.5 The Inclined Plane......Page 101
2.6 String-and-pulley Problems......Page 105
2.7 Uniform Circular Motion......Page 110
2.8 Centripetal Force......Page 115
Centripetal Force and Banked Curves......Page 118
Centrifugation......Page 119
Satellites in Orbit......Page 121
STSE – The Tape-measure Home Run......Page 124
Summary......Page 126
Exercises......Page 127
Lab 2.1 – Projectile Motion......Page 134
Lab 2.2 – Centripetal Force and Centripetal Acceleration......Page 135
Lab 2.3 – Amusement Park Physics......Page 138
CHAPTER 3 Extension: Statics – Objects and Structures in Equilibrium......Page 139
3.2 The Centre of Mass – The Gravity Spot......Page 140
3.3 Balancing Forces ... Again!......Page 142
3.4 Balancing Torques......Page 146
3.5 Static Equilibrium: Balancing Forces and Torque......Page 151
3.6 Static Equilibrium and the Human Body......Page 160
3.7 Stability and Equilibrium......Page 167
3.8 Elasticity: Hooke's Law......Page 171
Stress: The Cause of Strain......Page 173
Strain: The Effect of Stress......Page 175
3.10 Stress and Strain in Construction......Page 182
STSE – The Ultimate Effect of Stress on a Structure......Page 184
Summary......Page 186
Exercises......Page 187
Lab 3.1 – Equilibrium in Forces......Page 193
Lab 3.2 – Balancing Torque......Page 195
UNIT B Energy and Momentum......Page 197
CHAPTER 4 Linear Momentum......Page 200
4.2 Linear Momentum......Page 201
4.3 Linear Momentum and Impulse......Page 202
Force-versus-Time Graphs......Page 207
4.4 Conservation of Linear Momentum in One Dimension......Page 211
4.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum in Two Dimensions......Page 215
4.6 Linear Momentum and Centre of Mass......Page 223
STSE – Recreational Vehicle Safety and Collisions......Page 226
Summary......Page 228
Exercises......Page 229
Lab 4.1 – Linear Momentum in One Dimension: Dynamic Laboratory Carts......Page 234
Lab 4.2 – Linear Momentum in Two Dimensions: Air Pucks (Spark Timers)......Page 236
Lab 4.3 – Linear Momentum in Two Dimensions: Ramp and Ball......Page 239
CHAPTER 5 Energy and Interactions......Page 241
Isolation and Systems......Page 242
5.2 Work......Page 245
Work from an F-versus- dGraph......Page 249
5.3 Kinetic Energy......Page 251
Kinetic Energy and Momentum......Page 253
5.4 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 255
5.5 Elastic Potental Energy and Hooke's Law......Page 261
Conservation of Energy......Page 265
5.6 Power......Page 267
Equations for One-dimensional Elastic Collisions......Page 272
Graphical Representations of Elastic and Inelastic Collisions......Page 278
STSE – The Physics Equation – The Basis of Simulation......Page 282
Summary......Page 284
Exercises......Page 285
Lab 5.1 – Conservation of Energy Exhibited by Projectile Motion......Page 292
Lab 5.2 – Hooke's Law......Page 293
Lab 5.3 – Inelastic Collisions (Dry Lab)......Page 294
Lab 5.4 – Conservation of Kinetic Energy......Page 295
CHAPTER 6 Energy Transfer......Page 296
6.1 Gravity and Energy......Page 297
A Comparison of Ep = mg h and Ep = GMm/r......Page 301
Kinetic Energy Considerations......Page 302
Escape Energy and Escape Speed......Page 304
Implications of Escape Speed......Page 305
6.2 Orbits......Page 307
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion......Page 310
Kepler's Third Law for Similar Masses......Page 312
Extension: Orbital Parameters......Page 313
6.3 Simple Harmonic Motion – An Energy Introduction......Page 315
Hooke's Law......Page 316
Three Types of Damping......Page 320
Shock Absorbers......Page 321
STSE – The International Space Station......Page 322
Summary......Page 324
Exercises......Page 325
Lab 6.1 – The Pendulum......Page 328
CHAPTER 7 Angular Motion......Page 329
7.2 A Primer on Radian Measure......Page 330
Angular Velocity......Page 334
Relating Angular Variables to Linear Ones......Page 335
More About Centripetal Acceleration......Page 337
7.4 The Five Angular Equations of Motion......Page 339
7.5 Moment of Inertia......Page 344
Extension: The Parallel-axis Theorem......Page 349
7.6 Rotational Energy......Page 351
7.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 354
7.8 The Conservation of Energy......Page 356
7.9 Angular Momentum......Page 359
7.10 The Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 360
Force Analysis......Page 364
STSE – Gryoscopic Action – A Case of Angular Momentum......Page 366
Summary......Page 369
Exercises......Page 370
Lab 7.1 – Rotational Motion: Finding the Moment of Inertia......Page 377
UNIT C Electric, Gravitational and Magnetic Fields......Page 379
CHAPTER 8 Electrostatics and Electric Fields......Page 382
8.2 The Basis of Electric Charge – The Atom......Page 383
8.3 Electric Charge Transfer......Page 385
Charging by Friction......Page 386
Charging by Contact and Induction......Page 387
8.4 Coulomb's Law......Page 389
The Vector Nature of Electric Forces between Charges......Page 396
Force at a Distance......Page 400
8.6 Field Strength......Page 406
Coulomb's Law Revisited......Page 407
Electricity, Gravity, and Magnetism: Forces at a Distance and Field Theory......Page 410
8.7 Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy......Page 412
8.8 Movement of Charged Particles in a Field – The Conservation of Energy......Page 416
The Electric Potential around a Point Charge......Page 421
8.9 The Electric Field Strength of a Parallel-plate Apparatus......Page 426
Elementary Charge......Page 427
STSE – Electric Double-layer Capacitors......Page 430
Summary......Page 433
Exercises......Page 434
Lab 8.1 – The Millikan Experiment......Page 442
Lab 8.2 – Mapping Electric Fields......Page 445
CHAPTER 9 Magnetic Fields and Field Theory......Page 447
9.1 Magnetic Force – Another Force at a Distance......Page 448
9.2 Magnetic Character – Domain Theory......Page 449
9.3 Mapping Magnetic Fields......Page 450
9.4 Artificial Magnetic Fields – Electromagnetism......Page 453
Magnetic Character Revisited......Page 454
A Magnetic Field around a Coiled Conductor (a Solenoid)......Page 455
9.5 Magnetic Forces on Conductors and Charges – The Motor Principle......Page 459
The Field Strength around a Current-carrying Conductor......Page 463
The Unit for Electric Current (for Real this Time)......Page 465
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges......Page 468
Magnetohydrodynamics......Page 472
Centripetal Magnetic Force......Page 473
The Mass of an Electron and a Proton......Page 474
The Mass Spectrometer......Page 476
9.7 Electromagnetic Induction – From Electricity to Magnetism and Back Again......Page 479
STSE – Magnetic Resonance Imagin (MRI)......Page 484
Summary......Page 486
Exercises......Page 487
Lab 9.1 – The Mass of an Electron......Page 491
UNIT D The Wave Nature of Light......Page 493
CHAPTER 10 The Wave Nature of Light......Page 496
Definitions......Page 497
Types of Waves......Page 498
Terminology......Page 500
Phase Shifts......Page 502
Simple Harmonic Motion: A Closer Look......Page 503
Simple Harmonic Motion in Two Dimensions......Page 504
The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 506
The Speed of Light......Page 507
The Production of Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 509
The Refractive Index, n – A Quick Review......Page 512
Snell's Law: A More In-depth Look......Page 514
Refraction in an Optical Medium......Page 516
Dispersion......Page 517
The Spectroscope......Page 518
10.5 Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena: Polarization......Page 519
Polarization of Light using Polaroids (Polarizing Filters)......Page 520
Malus' Law: The Intensity of Transmitted Light......Page 521
Polarization by Reflection......Page 523
Polarization by Anisotropic Crystals......Page 524
Polarizing Filters in Photography......Page 526
3-D Movies......Page 527
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)......Page 528
Photoelastic Analysis......Page 529
Measuring Concentrations of Materials in Solution......Page 530
10.7 Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena: Scattering......Page 531
STSE – Microwave Technology: Too Much Too Soon?......Page 534
Summary......Page 536
Exercises......Page 537
Lab 10.1 – Investigating Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 541
Lab 10.2 – Polarization......Page 542
Lab 10.3 – Malus' Law......Page 543
CHAPTER 11 The Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 544
11.1 Introduction......Page 545
11.2 Interference Theory......Page 546
Path Difference......Page 547
Two-dimensional Cases......Page 548
11.3 The Interference of Light......Page 549
11.4 Young's Double slit Equation......Page 550
11.5 Interferometers......Page 556
Extension: Measuring Thickness using an Interferometer......Page 557
Holography......Page 558
Path Difference Effect......Page 560
Combining the Effects......Page 561
Wavelength Dependence......Page 565
11.8 Single-slit Diffraction......Page 566
The Single-slit Equation......Page 567
More Single-slit Equations (but they should look familiar)......Page 571
Resolution......Page 573
11.9 The Diffraction Grating......Page 575
The Diffraction-grating Equation......Page 576
Extension: Resolution – What makes a good spectrometer?......Page 581
X-ray Diffraction......Page 583
STSE – CD Technology......Page 586
Summary......Page 588
Exercises......Page 590
Lab 11.1 – Analyzing Wave Characteristics using Ripple Tanks......Page 595
Lab 11.2 – Qualitative Observations of the Properties of Light......Page 598
Lab 11.3 – Comparison of Light, Sound, and Mechanical Waves......Page 599
Lab 11.4 – Finding the Wavelength of Light using Single Slits, Double Slits, and Diffraction Gratings......Page 600
UNIT E Matter–Energy Interface......Page 601
CHAPTER 12 Quantum Mechanics......Page 604
Problems with the Classical or Wave Theory of Light......Page 605
12.2 The Quantum Idea......Page 606
Black-body Radiation......Page 607
The Black-body Equation......Page 608
The Apparatus......Page 610
12.4 Momentum and Photons......Page 615
12.5 De Broglie and Matter Waves......Page 618
12.6 The Bohr Atom......Page 620
The Conservation of Energy......Page 621
The Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 622
Electron Energy......Page 624
Photon Wavelength......Page 625
The Wave–Particle Duality of Light......Page 626
12.7 Probability Waves......Page 627
A Hypothetical Mechanical Example of Diffraction......Page 629
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Science Friction......Page 633
12.9 Extension: Quantum Tunnelling......Page 634
STSE – The Scanning Tunnelling Microscope......Page 636
Summary......Page 638
Exercises......Page 639
Lab 12.1 – Hydrogen Spectra......Page 642
Lab 12.2 – The Photoelectric Effect I......Page 643
Lab 12.3 – The Photoelectric Effect II......Page 644
CHAPTER 13 The World of Special Relativity......Page 645
13.1 Inertial Frames of Reference and Einstein's First Postulate of Special Relativity......Page 646
13.2 Einstein's Second Postulate of Special Relativity......Page 649
Moving Clocks Run Slow......Page 652
Moving Objects Appear Shorter......Page 655
Simultaneity......Page 658
Paradoxes......Page 659
Spacetime Invariance......Page 661
13.5 Mass Dilation......Page 664
Electrons Moving in Magnetic Fields......Page 668
13.6 Velocity Addition at Speeds Close to c......Page 671
13.7 Mass–Energy Equivalence......Page 674
Relativistic Momentum......Page 675
Relativistic Energy......Page 676
13.8 Particle Acceleration......Page 680
STSE – The High Cost of High Speed......Page 686
Summary......Page 688
Exercises......Page 689
Lab 13.1 – A Relativity THought Experiment......Page 695
CHAPTER 14 Nuclear and Elementary Particles......Page 697
14.1 Nuclear Structure and Properties......Page 698
Unified Atomic Mass Units......Page 699
Nuclear Binding Energy and Average Binding Energy per Nucleon......Page 700
Nuclear Stability......Page 702
Alpha Decay......Page 703
ß- Decay (Electron Emission)......Page 705
Electron Capture and Gamma Decay......Page 707
Half-life......Page 709
Radioactive Dating......Page 711
Artificial Transmutations......Page 712
Detecting Radiation......Page 715
14.5 Fission and Fusion......Page 718
Fission......Page 719
Fission Reactors......Page 722
The CANDU Reactor......Page 723
Fusion......Page 724
Creating the Heavy Elements......Page 727
Comparing Energy Sources – A Debate......Page 729
14.6 Probing the Nucleus......Page 730
What is matter?......Page 732
Leptons......Page 733
Hadrons (Baryons and Mesons)......Page 735
Forces or interactions?......Page 739
Boston Exchange......Page 740
Feynman Diagrams......Page 741
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD): Colour Change and the Strong Nuclear Force......Page 742
The Weak Nuclear Foce – Decay and Annihilations......Page 743
STSE – Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 748
Summary......Page 751
Exercises......Page 753
Lab 14.1 – The Half-life of a Short-lived Radioactive Nuclide......Page 759
Appendices......Page 761
Safety......Page 762
Lab Report......Page 764
Statistical Deviation of the Mean......Page 765
Making Measurements with Stated Uncertainties......Page 767
Addition and Subtraction of Data......Page 768
Multiplication and Division of Data......Page 769
Creating an Equation from a Proportionality......Page 770
Finding the Correct Proportionality Statement......Page 771
Other Methods of Finding Equations from Data......Page 773
Significant Figures......Page 777
Rearranging Equations......Page 778
Analyzing a Graph......Page 779
Trigonometric Identities......Page 780
APPENDIX G: SI Units......Page 782
APPENDIX H: Some Physical Properties......Page 785
APPENDIX I: The Periodic Table......Page 786
APPENDIX J: Some Elementary Particles and Their Properties......Page 787
Numerical Answers to Applying the Concepts......Page 788
Numerical Answers to End-of-chapter Problems......Page 792
Glossary......Page 798
Index......Page 802
Photograph Credits......Page 810