Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Cover
FES-1
FES-2
FES-3
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
To the Student
Part 1: Mechanics
Introduction
Ch 1: Physics and Measurement
Introduction
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
1.2 Matter and Model Building
1.3 Dimensional Analysis
1.4 Conversion of Units
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
1.6 Significant Figures
Summary
Ch 2: Motion in One Dimension
Introduction
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Diagrams
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
2.7 Freely Falling Objects
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Summary
Ch 3: Vectors
Introduction
3.1 Coordinate Systems
3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Summary
Ch 4: Motion in Two Dimensions
Introduction
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
4.3 Projectile Motion
4.4 Analysis Model: Particlein Uniform Circular Motion
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
Summary
Ch 5: The Laws of Motion
Introduction
5.1 The Concept of Force
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
5.3 Mass
5.4 Newton’s Second Law
5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
5.6 Newton’s Third Law
5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law
Summary
Ch 6: Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
Introduction
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
Summary
Ch 7: Energy of a System
Introduction
7.1 Systems and Environments
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
7.6 Potential Energy of a System
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
Summary
Ch 8: Conservation of Energy
Introduction
8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
8.5 Power
Summary
Ch 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions
Introduction
9.1 Linear Momentum
9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)
9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension
9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions
9.6 The Center of Mass
9.7 Systems of Many Particles
9.8 Deformable Systems
9.9 Rocket Propulsion
Summary
Ch 10: Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
Introduction
10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities
10.4 Torque
10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque
10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia
10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
Summary
Ch 11: Angular Momentum
Introduction
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque
11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
Summary
Ch 12: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
Introduction
12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids
Summary
Ch 13: Universal Gravitation
Introduction
13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Gravitational)
13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
Summary
Ch 14: Fluid Mechanics
Introduction
14.1 Pressure
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
14.3 Pressure Measurements
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
14.5 Fluid Dynamics
14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Summary
Part 2: Oscillations and Mechanical Waves
Introduction
Ch 15: Oscillatory Motion
Introduction
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion
15.5 The Pendulum
15.6 Damped Oscillations
15.7 Forced Oscillations
Summary
Ch 16: Wave Motion
Introduction
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings
16.4 Reflection and Transmission
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
Summary
Ch 17: Sound Waves
Introduction
17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves
17.2 Speed of Sound Waves
17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves
17.4 The Doppler Effect
Summary
Ch 18: Superposition and Standing Waves
Introduction
18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
18.2 Standing Waves
18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions
18.4 Resonance
18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns
18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes
18.7 Beats: Interference in Time
18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
Summary
Part 3: Thermodynamics
Introduction
Ch 19: Temperature
Introduction
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale
19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Summary
Ch 20: The First Law of Thermodynamics
Introduction
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
20.3 Latent Heat
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes
Summary
Ch 21: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Introduction
21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
21.3 The Equipartition of Energy
21.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Summary
Ch 22: Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Introduction
22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
22.4 The Carnot Engine
22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines
22.6 Entropy
22.7 Changes in Entropy for Thermodynamic Systems
22.8 Entropy and the Second Law
Summary
Part 4: Electricity and Magnetism
Introduction
Ch 23: Electric Fields
Introduction
23.1 Properties of Electric Charges
23.2 Charging Objects by Induction
23.3 Coulomb’s Law
23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
23.6 Electric Field Lines
23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
Summary
Ch 24: Gauss’s Law
Introduction
24.1 Electric Flux
24.2 Gauss’s Law
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Summary
Ch 25: Electric Potential
Introduction
25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions
25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
25.8 Applications of Electrostatics
Summary
Ch 26: Capacitance and Dielectrics
Introduction
26.1 Definition of Capacitance
26.2 Calculating Capacitance
26.3 Combinations of Capacitors
26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field
26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics
Summary
Ch 27: Current and Resistance
Introduction
27.1 Electric Current
27.2 Resistance
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
27.4 Resistance and Temperature
27.5 Superconductors
27.6 Electrical Power
Summary
Ch 28: Direct-Current Circuits
Introduction
28.1 Electromotive Force
28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
28.4 RC Circuits
28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety
Summary
Ch 29: Magnetic Fields
Introduction
29.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
29.6 The Hall Effect
Summary
Ch 30: Sources of the Magnetic Field
Introduction
30.1 The Biot–Savart Law
30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
30.3 Ampère’s Law
30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
30.6 Magnetism in Matter
Summary
Ch 31: Faraday’s Law
Introduction
31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
31.2 Motional emf
31.3 Lenz’s Law
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields
31.5 Generators and Motors
31.6 Eddy Currents
Summary
Ch 32: Inductance
Introduction
32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance
32.2 RL Circuits
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
32.4 Mutual Inductance
32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
32.6 The RLC Circuit
Summary
Ch 33: Alternating-Current Circuits
Introduction
33.1 AC Sources
33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit
33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
33.5 The RLC Series Circuit
33.6 Power in an AC Circuit
33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission
33.9 Rectifiers and Filters
Summary
Ch 34: Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction
34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
Summary
Part 5: Light and Optics
Introduction
Ch 35: The Nature of Light and the Principles of Ray Optics
Introduction
35.1 The Nature of Light
35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light
35.3 The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics
35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection
35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction
35.6 Huygens’s Principle
35.8 Total Internal Reflection
Summary
Ch 36: Image Formation
Introduction
36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
36.3 Images Formed by Refraction
36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses
36.5 Lens Aberrations
36.6 The Camera
36.7 The Eye
36.8 The Simple Magnifier
36.9 The Compound Microscope
36.10 The Telescope
Summary
Ch 37: Wave Optics
Introduction
37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
37.5 Interference in Thin Films
37.6 The Michelson Interferometer
Summary
Ch 38: Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
Introduction
38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
38.4 The Diffraction Grating
38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
38.6 Polarization of Light Waves
Summary
Part 6: Modern Physics
Introduction
Ch 39: Relativity
Introduction
39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment
39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity
39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations
39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum
39.8 Relativistic Energy
39.9 The General Theory of Relativity
Summary
Ch 40: Introduction to Quantum Physics
Introduction
40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis
40.2 The Photoelectric Effect
40.3 The Compton Effect
40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles
40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle
40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
40.8 The Uncertainty Principle
Summary
Ch 41: Quantum Mechanics
Introduction
41.1 The Wave Function
41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
41.6 Applications of Tunneling
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Summary
Ch 42: Atomic Physics
Introduction
42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases
42.2 Early Models of the Atom
42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom
42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers
42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray
42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions
42.10 Lasers
Summary
Ch 43: Molecules and Solids
Introduction
43.1 Molecular Bonds
43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules
43.3 Bonding in Solids
43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals
43.5 Band Theory of Solids
43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
43.7 Semiconductor Devices
43.8 Superconductivity
Summary
Ch 44: Nuclear Structure
Introduction
44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei
44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
44.3 Nuclear Models
44.4 Radioactivity
44.5 The Decay Processes
44.6 Natural Radioactivity
44.7 Nuclear Reactions
44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Summary
Ch 45: Applications of Nuclear Physics
Introduction
45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons
45.2 Nuclear Fission
45.3 Nuclear Reactors
45.4 Nuclear Fusion
45.5 Radiation Damage
45.6 Uses of Radiation
Summary
Ch 46: Particle Physics and Cosmology
Introduction
46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature
46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles
46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics
46.4 Classification of Particles
46.5 Conservation Laws
46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness
46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles
46.8 Quarks
46.9 Multicolored Quarks
46.10 The Standard Model
46.11 The Cosmic Connection
46.12 Problems and Perspectives
Summary
Appendix A: Tables
Appendix B: Mathematics Review
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix D: SI Units
Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems
Index
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