Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
About the Authors......Page 15
Preface......Page 16
To the Student......Page 34
part 1 Mechanics......Page 37
1 Physics and Measurement......Page 38
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time......Page 39
1.2 Matter and Model Building......Page 42
1.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page 43
1.4 Conversion of Units......Page 45
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations......Page 46
1.6 Significant Figures......Page 47
2 Motion in One Dimension......Page 56
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed......Page 57
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed......Page 60
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity......Page 63
2.4 Acceleration......Page 65
2.5 Motion Diagrams......Page 69
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration......Page 70
2.7 Freely Falling Objects......Page 74
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus......Page 77
3.1 Coordinate Systems......Page 91
3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities......Page 93
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors......Page 94
3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors......Page 97
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors......Page 109
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 112
4.3 Projectile Motion......Page 115
4.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion......Page 122
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration......Page 124
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration......Page 126
5.1 The Concept of Force......Page 139
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames......Page 141
5.3 Mass......Page 142
5.4 Newton’s Second Law......Page 143
5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight......Page 145
5.6 Newton’s Third Law......Page 146
5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law......Page 148
5.8 Forces of Friction......Page 158
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model......Page 175
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion......Page 181
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames......Page 183
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces......Page 186
7 Energy of a System......Page 201
7.1 Systems and Environments......Page 202
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 203
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors......Page 205
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force......Page 207
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem......Page 212
7.6 Potential Energy of a System......Page 215
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 220
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy......Page 222
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System......Page 223
8 Conservation of Energy......Page 235
8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)......Page 236
8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)......Page 238
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction......Page 245
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces......Page 250
8.5 Power......Page 255
9 Linear Momentum and Collisions......Page 270
9.1 Linear Momentum......Page 271
9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)......Page 273
9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)......Page 275
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension......Page 278
9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions......Page 286
9.6 The Center of Mass......Page 289
9.7 Systems of Many Particles......Page 294
9.8 Deformable Systems......Page 297
9.9 Rocket Propulsion......Page 299
10 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis......Page 313
10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 314
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 316
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities......Page 317
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 320
10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia......Page 322
10.6 Torque......Page 326
10.7 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque......Page 327
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion......Page 331
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object......Page 335
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque......Page 355
11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page 358
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object......Page 362
11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page 365
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops......Page 370
12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium......Page 384
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity......Page 386
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium......Page 387
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids......Page 394
13 Universal Gravitation......Page 410
13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 411
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force......Page 413
13.3 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets......Page 415
13.4 The Gravitational Field......Page 420
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 421
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion......Page 423
14 Fluid Mechanics......Page 438
14.1 Pressure......Page 439
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth......Page 440
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle......Page 444
14.5 Fluid Dynamics......Page 448
14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 451
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics......Page 455
part 2 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves......Page 469
15 Oscillatory Motion......Page 470
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring......Page 471
15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 472
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 478
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion......Page 481
15.5 The Pendulum......Page 484
15.6 Damped Oscillations......Page 487
15.7 Forced Oscillations......Page 488
16 Wave Motion......Page 501
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance......Page 502
16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave......Page 505
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings......Page 509
16.4 Reflection and Transmission......Page 512
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings......Page 513
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation......Page 515
17 Sound Waves......Page 524
17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves......Page 525
17.2 Speed of Sound Waves......Page 527
17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves......Page 529
17.4 The Doppler Effect......Page 533
18 Superposition and Standing Waves......Page 547
18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page 548
18.2 Standing Waves......Page 552
18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions......Page 555
18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns......Page 559
18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes......Page 563
18.7 Beats: Interference in Time......Page 564
18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns......Page 566
part 3 Thermodynamics......Page 579
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 580
19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale......Page 582
19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale......Page 583
19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page 585
19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas......Page 590
20 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 601
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy......Page 602
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry......Page 604
20.3 Latent Heat......Page 608
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes......Page 612
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 614
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 615
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes......Page 619
21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases......Page 635
21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas......Page 636
21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas......Page 640
21.3 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page 643
21.4 The Equipartition of Energy......Page 645
21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 648
22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 661
22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 662
22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators......Page 664
22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 667
22.4 The Carnot Engine......Page 668
22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines......Page 672
22.6 Entropy......Page 674
22.7 Entropy and the Second Law......Page 677
22.8 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale......Page 679
part 4 Electricity and Magnetism......Page 693
23.1 Properties of Electric Charges......Page 694
23.2 Charging Objects by Induction......Page 696
23.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page 697
23.4 The Electric Field......Page 703
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution......Page 706
23.6 Electric Field Lines......Page 711
23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 713
24.1 Electric Flux......Page 726
24.2 Gauss’s Law......Page 729
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions......Page 732
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page 735
25 Electric Potential......Page 746
25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference......Page 747
25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 748
25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges......Page 751
25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential......Page 755
25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions......Page 757
25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor......Page 761
25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment......Page 764
25.8 Applications of Electrostatics......Page 765
26.1 Definition of Capacitance......Page 776
26.2 Calculating Capacitance......Page 778
26.3 Combinations of Capacitors......Page 781
26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page 785
26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 789
26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field......Page 792
26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics......Page 794
27 Current and Resistance......Page 807
27.1 Electric Current......Page 808
27.2 Resistance......Page 810
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction......Page 815
27.4 Resistance and Temperature......Page 816
27.5 Superconductors......Page 817
27.6 Electrical Power......Page 818
28.1 Electromotive Force......Page 830
28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 833
28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 840
28.4 RC Circuits......Page 843
28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety......Page 849
29 Magnetic Fields......Page 865
29.1 Magnetic Fields and Forces......Page 866
29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 871
29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page 875
29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 877
29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 879
29.6 The Hall Effect......Page 883
30.1 The Biot–Savart Law......Page 898
30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors......Page 903
30.3 Ampère’s Law......Page 905
30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid......Page 909
30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism......Page 911
30.6 Magnetism in Matter......Page 913
31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction......Page 929
31.2 Motional emf......Page 934
31.3 Lenz’s Law......Page 938
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields......Page 941
31.5 Generators and Motors......Page 943
31.6 Eddy Currents......Page 947
32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance......Page 963
32.2 RL Circuits......Page 965
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field......Page 969
32.4 Mutual Inductance......Page 971
32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit......Page 972
32.6 The RLC Circuit......Page 977
33 Alternating-Current Circuits......Page 989
33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit......Page 990
33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit......Page 993
33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit......Page 995
33.5 The RLC Series Circuit......Page 998
33.6 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 1001
33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit......Page 1003
33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission......Page 1005
33.9 Rectifiers and Filters......Page 1008
34 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1019
34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law......Page 1020
34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries......Page 1022
34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1024
34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1028
34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure......Page 1030
34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna......Page 1032
34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1033
part 5 Light and Optics......Page 1045
35.1 The Nature of Light......Page 1046
35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light......Page 1047
35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection......Page 1049
35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction......Page 1053
35.6 Huygens’s Principle......Page 1058
35.7 Dispersion......Page 1060
35.8 Total Internal Reflection......Page 1061
36 Image Formation......Page 1076
36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors......Page 1077
36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors......Page 1079
36.3 Images Formed by Refraction......Page 1086
36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses......Page 1090
36.5 Lens Aberrations......Page 1099
36.6 The Camera......Page 1100
36.7 The Eye......Page 1102
36.8 The Simple Magnifier......Page 1104
36.9 The Compound Microscope......Page 1106
36.10 The Telescope......Page 1107
37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page 1120
37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page 1123
37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern......Page 1126
37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page 1128
37.5 Interference in Thin Films......Page 1129
37.6 The Michelson Interferometer......Page 1133
38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization......Page 1147
38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits......Page 1148
38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures......Page 1153
38.4 The Diffraction Grating......Page 1156
38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals......Page 1161
38.6 Polarization of Light Waves......Page 1163
part 6 Modern Physics......Page 1179
39 Relativity......Page 1180
39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity......Page 1181
39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment......Page 1184
39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity......Page 1186
39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity......Page 1187
39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations......Page 1198
39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations......Page 1200
39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum......Page 1203
39.8 Relativistic Energy......Page 1204
39.9 Mass and Energy......Page 1208
39.10 The General Theory of Relativity......Page 1209
40 Introduction to Quantum Physics......Page 1221
40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis......Page 1222
40.2 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 1228
40.3 The Compton Effect......Page 1233
40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1236
40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles......Page 1237
40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle......Page 1240
40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited......Page 1243
40.8 The Uncertainty Principle......Page 1244
41 Quantum Mechanics......Page 1255
41.1 The Wave Function......Page 1256
41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions......Page 1260
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation......Page 1266
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height......Page 1268
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier......Page 1270
41.6 Applications of Tunneling......Page 1271
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 1275
42 Atomic Physics......Page 1287
42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases......Page 1288
42.2 Early Models of the Atom......Page 1290
42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 1291
42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 1296
42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen......Page 1299
42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers......Page 1302
42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table......Page 1308
42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray......Page 1312
42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions......Page 1315
42.10 Lasers......Page 1317
43 Molecules and Solids......Page 1331
43.1 Molecular Bonds......Page 1332
43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules......Page 1335
43.3 Bonding in Solids......Page 1343
43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals......Page 1346
43.5 Band Theory of Solids......Page 1349
43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors......Page 1351
43.7 Semiconductor Devices......Page 1354
43.8 Superconductivity......Page 1360
44 Nuclear Structure......Page 1372
44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei......Page 1373
44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy......Page 1378
44.3 Nuclear Models......Page 1379
44.4 Radioactivity......Page 1382
44.5 The Decay Processes......Page 1386
44.6 Natural Radioactivity......Page 1396
44.7 Nuclear Reactions......Page 1397
44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1398
45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons......Page 1410
45.2 Nuclear Fission......Page 1411
45.3 Nuclear Reactors......Page 1413
45.4 Nuclear Fusion......Page 1417
45.5 Radiation Damage......Page 1424
45.6 Radiation Detectors......Page 1426
45.7 Uses of Radiation......Page 1429
46 Particle Physics and Cosmology......Page 1441
46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature......Page 1442
46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles......Page 1443
46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics......Page 1445
46.4 Classification of Particles......Page 1447
46.5 Conservation Laws......Page 1449
46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness......Page 1452
46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles......Page 1454
46.8 Quarks......Page 1456
46.9 Multicolored Quarks......Page 1459
46.10 The Standard Model......Page 1460
46.11 The Cosmic Connection......Page 1462
46.12 Problems and Perspectives......Page 1467
A.1 Conversion Factors......Page 1477
A.2 Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities......Page 1478
B.1: Scientific Notation......Page 1480
B.2: Algebra......Page 1481
B.3: Geometry......Page 1486
B.4: Trigonometry......Page 1487
B.6: Differential Calculus......Page 1489
B.7: Integral Calculus......Page 1492
B.8: Propagation of Uncertainty......Page 1495
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 1498
D.2 Some Derived SI Units......Page 1500
Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1501
Index......Page 1531