Physics for scientists and engineers : an interactive approach

Cover......Page 1
Brief Table of Contents......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 18
About the Authors......Page 27
Text Walkthrough......Page 29
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics......Page 35
1-1 What Is Physics?......Page 36
1-2 Experiments, Measurement, and Uncertainties......Page 41
1-3 Mean, Standard Deviation, and SDOM......Page 43
1-4 Significant Digits......Page 46
1-5 Scientific Notation......Page 48
1-6 SI Units......Page 49
1-7 Dimensional Analysis......Page 51
1-8 Unit Conversion......Page 53
1-9 Approximations in Physics......Page 54
1-10 Fermi Problems......Page 55
Key Terms......Page 58
Problems by Section......Page 59
Comprehensive Problems......Page 62
Data-Rich Problem......Page 63
Open Problems......Page 64
Chapter 2: Scalars and Vectors......Page 65
2-1 Definitions of Scalars and Vectors......Page 66
2-2 Vector Addition: Geometric and Algebraic Approaches......Page 68
2-3 Cartesian Vector Notation......Page 73
2-4 The Dot Product of Two Vectors......Page 76
2-5 The Cross Product of Vectors......Page 79
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 82
Key Terms......Page 83
Problems by Section......Page 84
Comprehensive Problems......Page 86
Chapter 3: Motion in One Dimension......Page 89
3-1 Distance and Displacement......Page 90
3-2 Speed and Velocity......Page 93
3-3 Acceleration......Page 100
3-4 Mathematical Description of One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 106
3-5 Analyzing the Relationships between x (t), y (t), and a (t) Plots......Page 110
3-6 Free Fall......Page 116
3-7 Relative Motion in One Dimension......Page 121
3-8 Calculus of Kinematics......Page 124
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 127
Key Terms......Page 128
Problems by Section......Page 132
Comprehensive Problems......Page 139
Open Problems......Page 142
Chapter 4: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 145
4-1 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 146
4-2 Projectile Motion......Page 149
4-3 Circular Motion......Page 158
4-4 Relative Motion in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 162
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 166
Key Terms......Page 167
Problems by Section......Page 169
Comprehensive Problems......Page 171
Data-Rich Problem......Page 174
Chapter 5: Forces and Motion......Page 175
5-1 Dynamics and Forces......Page 176
5-2 Mass and the Force of Gravity......Page 177
5-3 Newton's Laws of Motion......Page 180
5-4 Applying Newton's Laws......Page 185
5-5 Component-Free Solutions......Page 195
5-6 Friction......Page 196
5-7 Spring Forces and Hooke's Law......Page 202
5-8 Fundamental and Non-Fundamental Forces......Page 205
5-9 Uniform Circular Motion......Page 206
5-10 Reference Frames and Fictitious Forces......Page 210
5-11 Momentum and Newton's Second Law......Page 212
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 214
Key Terms......Page 215
Problems by Section......Page 218
Comprehensive Problems......Page 222
Open Problem......Page 224
Chapter 6: Work and Energy......Page 225
6-1 What Is Energy?......Page 226
6-2 Work Done by a Constant Force in One Dimension......Page 227
6-3 Work Done by a Constant Force in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 228
6-4 Work Done by Variable Forces......Page 232
6-5 Kinetic Energy-The Work-Energy Theorem......Page 236
6-6 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy......Page 243
6-7 Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 246
6-8 Force from Potential Energy......Page 251
6-9 Power......Page 254
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 255
Key Terms......Page 256
Problems by Section......Page 258
Comprehensive Problems......Page 262
Open Problem......Page 266
Chapter 7: Linear Momentum, Collisions, and Systems of Particles......Page 267
7-1 Linear Momentum......Page 268
7-2 Rate of Change of Linear Momentum and Newton's Laws......Page 270
7-3 Impulse......Page 271
7-4 Systems of Particles and Centre of Mass......Page 275
7-5 Systems of Particles and Conservation of Momentum......Page 278
7-6 Collisions......Page 281
7-7 Variable Mass and Rocket Propulsion......Page 287
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 290
Key Terms......Page 291
Problems by Section......Page 293
Comprehensive Problems......Page 295
Open Problem......Page 297
Chapter 8: Rotational Kinematics and Dynamics......Page 299
8-1 Angular Variables......Page 300
8-2 Kinematic Equations for Rotation......Page 302
8-3 Torque......Page 304
8-4 Moment of Inertia of a Point Mass......Page 311
8-5 Systems of Particles and Rigid Bodies......Page 313
8-6 Rotational Kinetic Energy and Work......Page 321
8-7 Angular Momentum......Page 326
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 333
Key Terms......Page 334
Problems by Section......Page 336
Comprehensive Problems......Page 339
Data-Rich Problem......Page 343
Open Problems......Page 344
Chapter 9: Rolling Motion......Page 345
9-1 Rolling and Slipping......Page 346
9-2 Relationships between Rotation and Translation for a Rolling Object......Page 347
9-3 Rolling Motion: Two Perspectives......Page 348
9-4 Newton's Second Law and Rolling......Page 350
9-5 Mechanical Energy and Rolling......Page 354
9-6 Rolling without Friction......Page 361
9-7 Rolling Friction......Page 363
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 364
Key Terms......Page 365
Problems by Section......Page 366
Comprehensive Problems......Page 370
Data-Rich Problems......Page 374
Open Problems......Page 375
Chapter 10: Equilibrium and Elasticity......Page 379
10-1 The Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 380
10-2 Centre of Gravity......Page 382
10-3 Applying the Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 385
10-4 Applying the Conditions for Equilibrium: Working with Unknown Forces......Page 392
10-5 Deformation and Elasticity......Page 397
10-6 Ductile and Brittle Materials......Page 400
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 404
Key Terms......Page 405
Problems by Section......Page 406
Comprehensive Problems......Page 411
Open Problem......Page 416
Chapter 11: Gravitation......Page 417
11-1 Universal Gravitation......Page 418
11-2 Acceleration Due to Gravity......Page 421
11-3 Orbits and Weightlessness......Page 423
11-4 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 426
11-5 Force from Potential Energy......Page 429
11-6 Escape Speed......Page 430
11-7 Kepler's Laws......Page 431
11-8 Types of Orbits......Page 437
11-9 Detection of Exoplanets......Page 441
Key Terms......Page 445
Questions......Page 446
Problems by Section......Page 447
Comprehensive Problems......Page 450
Open Problems......Page 452
Chapter 12: Fluids......Page 455
12-1 Phases of Matter......Page 456
12-2 Density and Pressure......Page 457
12-3 Pressure in Fluids......Page 460
12-4 Pascal's Principle......Page 466
12-5 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle......Page 468
12-6 Fluids in Motion......Page 473
12-7 The Continuity Equation: Conservation of Fluid Mass......Page 475
12-8 Conservation of Energy for Moving Fluids......Page 477
12-9 Conservation of Fluid Momentum......Page 483
12-10 Viscous Flow......Page 485
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 490
Key Terms......Page 491
Problems by Section......Page 492
Comprehensive Problems......Page 497
Chapter 13: Oscillations......Page 499
13-1 Periodic Motion......Page 500
13-2 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 501
13-3 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 506
13-4 Mass-Spring Systems......Page 507
13-5 Energy Conservation in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 510
13-6 The Simple Pendulum......Page 513
13-7 The Physical Pendulum......Page 515
13-8 Time Plots for Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 518
13-9 Damped Oscillations......Page 521
13-10 Resonance and Driven Harmonic Oscillators......Page 526
13-11 Simple Harmonic Motion and Differential Equations (Optional Section)......Page 528
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 530
Key Terms......Page 532
Problems by Section......Page 533
Comprehensive Problems......Page 539
Chapter 14: Waves......Page 541
14-1 The Nature, Properties, and Classification of Waves......Page 542
14-2 The Motion of a Disturbance in a String......Page 545
14-3 Equation for a Pulse Moving in One Dimension......Page 546
14-4 Transverse Speed and Wave Speed......Page 549
14-5 Harmonic Waves......Page 552
14-6 Position Plots and Time Plots......Page 559
14-7 Phase and Phase Difference......Page 562
14-8 Energy and Power in a Travelling Wave......Page 563
14-9 Superposition of Waves......Page 567
14-10 Interference of Waves Travelling in the Same Direction......Page 569
14-11 Reflection and Transmission of Mechanical Waves......Page 571
14-12 Standing Waves......Page 572
14-13 Standing Waves on Strings......Page 575
14-14 String Musical Instruments (Optional Section)......Page 577
14-15 The Wave Equation in One Dimension (Optional Section)......Page 581
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 583
Key Terms......Page 584
Problems by Section......Page 585
Chapter 15: Sound and Interference......Page 595
15-1 Sound Waves......Page 596
15-2 Wave Propagation and Huygens' Principle......Page 600
15-3 Reflection and Refraction......Page 601
15-4 Standing Waves in Air Columns......Page 602
15-5 Interference......Page 606
15-6 Measuring Sound Levels......Page 611
15-7 The Doppler Effect......Page 615
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 620
Problems by Section......Page 621
Comprehensive Problems......Page 623
Open Problem......Page 624
Chapter 16: Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 625
16-1 The Need for a Macroscopic Description......Page 626
16-3 State Variables......Page 627
16-4 Pressure......Page 628
16-5 Temperature and Thermal Expansion......Page 630
16-6 Thermometers and Temperature Scales......Page 632
16-8 Ideal Gases......Page 633
16-9 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer......Page 635
16-10 Temperature and Mechanical Energy......Page 636
16-11 Statistical Measures......Page 638
16-12 Phase Diagrams......Page 640
Key Terms......Page 641
Problems by Section......Page 642
Comprehensive Problems......Page 644
Open Problem......Page 645
Chapter 17: Heat, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 647
17-2 Temperature Changes Due to Heat Transfer......Page 648
17-3 The Flow of Heat between Objects......Page 650
17-4 Phase Changes and Latent Heat......Page 651
17-5 Changing the Internal Energy Via Work......Page 653
17-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 654
17-7 Different Types of Processes......Page 655
17-8 Energy Transfer Mechanisms......Page 659
Key Terms......Page 663
Problems by Section......Page 664
Comprehensive Problems......Page 665
Data-Rich Problem......Page 666
Open Problem......Page 667
Chapter 18: Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 669
18-1 Heat Engines and Heat Pumps......Page 670
18-2 Efficiency and the Carnot Cycle......Page 672
18-3 Entropy......Page 676
18-4 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 677
18-5 The Domain of the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 679
18-6 Consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 680
18-7 A Microscopic Look at Entropy......Page 682
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 684
Problems by Section......Page 685
Comprehensive Problems......Page 687
Open Problem......Page 689
Chapter 19: Electric Fields and Forces......Page 691
19-1 Electric Charge......Page 692
19-2 Charging by Electrical Induction......Page 694
19-3 Coulomb's Law......Page 696
19-4 Multiple Point Charges and the Superposition Principle......Page 699
19-5 Electrical Forces for Continuous Charge Distributions......Page 700
19-6 Electric Field......Page 705
19-7 Electric Fields and the Superposition Principle......Page 708
19-8 Electric Field Vectors and Lines......Page 709
19-9 Electric Fields from Continuous Charge Distributions......Page 712
19-10 Dielectrics and Dipoles......Page 714
19-11 Electric Field Essentials......Page 717
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 718
Key Terms......Page 719
Problems by Section......Page 721
Comprehensive Problems......Page 723
Data-Rich Problems......Page 725
Open Problems......Page 726
Chapter 20: Gauss's Law......Page 727
20-1 Gauss's Law and Electric Field Lines......Page 728
20-2 Electric Flux......Page 729
20-3 Gauss's Law......Page 734
20-4 Strategy for Using Gauss's Law......Page 739
20-5 Gauss's Law for Cylindrical Symmetry......Page 742
20-6 Gauss's Law for Planar Symmetry......Page 745
20-7 Conductors and Electric Fields......Page 746
20-8 When Can Gauss’s Law Be Used to Find the Electric Field?......Page 751
20-9 Gauss's Law for Gravity......Page 755
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 758
Key Terms......Page 759
Questions......Page 760
Problems by Section......Page 762
Comprehensive Problems......Page 765
Data-Rich Problems......Page 766
Open Problems......Page 767
Chapter 21: Electrical Potential Energy and Electric Potential......Page 769
21-1 Work and Electric Fields......Page 770
21-2 Electrical Potential Energy......Page 772
21-3 Electric Potential......Page 776
21-4 Equipotential Lines and Electric Field Lines......Page 779
21-5 Electric Potentials from Continuous Distributions of Charge......Page 780
21-6 The Electron Volt......Page 782
21-7 Calculating Electric Field from Electric Potential......Page 784
21-8 Electric Potentials and Fields for Conductors......Page 787
21-9 Electric Potential: Powerful Ideas......Page 791
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 793
Key Terms......Page 794
Questions......Page 795
Problems by Section......Page 797
Comprehensive Problems......Page 800
Data-Rich Problems......Page 802
Open Problems......Page 804
Chapter 22: Capacitance......Page 807
22-1 Capacitors and Capacitance......Page 808
22-2 Electric Fields in Parallel-Plate Capacitors......Page 810
22-3 Calculating Capacitance......Page 815
22-4 Combining Capacitors......Page 817
22-5 Dielectrics and Capacitors......Page 819
22-6 Energy Storage in Capacitors......Page 821
22-7 Applications of Capacitors......Page 823
Key Terms......Page 827
Problems by Section......Page 829
Comprehensive Problems......Page 831
Data-Rich Problem......Page 833
Open Problems......Page 834
Chapter 23: Electric Current and Fundamentals of DC Circuits......Page 835
23-1 Electric Current: The Microscopic Model......Page 836
23-2 Electric Conductivity and Resistivity: The Microscopic Model......Page 839
23-3 Ohm's Law......Page 840
23-4 Series and Parallel Electric Circuits......Page 843
23-5 Analysis of DC Circuits and Kirchhoff's Laws......Page 848
23-6 RC Circuits......Page 859
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 864
Key Terms......Page 865
Problems by Section......Page 867
Comprehensive Problems......Page 870
Open Problems......Page 872
Chapter 24: Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Forces......Page 873
24-1 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force......Page 874
24-2 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 879
24-3 Applications: Charged Particles Moving in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 882
24-4 The Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire......Page 889
24-5 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop in a Magnetic Field......Page 890
24-6 The Biot-Savart Law......Page 894
24-7 Ampere's Law......Page 899
24-8 The Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors......Page 907
24-9 The Magnetic Properties of Materials......Page 908
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 912
Key Terms......Page 913
Problems by Section......Page 916
Comprehensive Problems......Page 920
Data-Rich Problems......Page 926
Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction......Page 927
25-1 In Faraday's Lab: Science in the Making......Page 928
25-2 Magnetic Flux and Its Rate of Change......Page 929
25-3 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction......Page 931
25-4 Induced emf and Induced Electric Fields......Page 939
25-5 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance......Page 941
25-6 Applications of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction......Page 945
25-7 RL Circuits......Page 950
25-8 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field......Page 953
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 956
Key Terms......Page 957
Problems by Section......Page 961
Comprehensive Problems......Page 964
Open Problem......Page 970
Chapter 26: Alternating Current Circuits......Page 971
26-1 Simple Loads in AC Circuits......Page 972
26-2 The LC Circuit......Page 976
26-3 Phasors......Page 977
26-4 Series RLC Circuits......Page 979
26-5 Resonance......Page 981
26-6 Power in AC Circuits......Page 983
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 986
Key Terms......Page 987
Problems by Section......Page 988
Comprehensive Problems......Page 989
Open Problem......Page 990
Chapter 27: Electromagnetic Waves and Maxwell's Equations......Page 991
27-1 The Laws of Electric and Magnetic Fields......Page 992
27-2 Displacement Current and Maxwell's Equations......Page 993
27-3 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 996
27-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 1001
27-5 The Energy and Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1003
27-6 Radiation Pressure......Page 1006
27-7 How Are Electromagnetic Waves Generated?......Page 1008
27-8 Polarization......Page 1010
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1014
Problems by Section......Page 1015
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1019
Chapter 28: Geometric Optics......Page 1021
28-1 Evidence for the Geometric Optics Approach......Page 1022
28-2 Reflection of Light......Page 1025
28-3 Mirrors......Page 1027
28-4 Refraction of Light......Page 1035
28-5 Images Formed by Thin Lenses......Page 1040
28-6 The Human Eye and Vision Correction......Page 1047
28-7 Brewster's Angle......Page 1050
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1051
Key Terms......Page 1052
Questions......Page 1053
Problems by Section......Page 1054
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1057
Open Problem......Page 1060
Chapter 29: Physical Optics......Page 1061
29-2 Interference......Page 1062
29-3 Double-Slit Interference......Page 1066
29-4 Diffraction Gratings......Page 1068
29-5 Thin Film Interference......Page 1070
29-6 Single-Slit Diffraction......Page 1075
29-7 Actual Intensity Pattern for Double Slits......Page 1078
29-8 Resolution Limit......Page 1079
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1081
Key Terms......Page 1082
Problems by Section......Page 1085
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1088
Data-Rich Problem......Page 1089
Open Problem......Page 1090
Chapter 30: Relativity......Page 1091
30-2 Reference Frames and the Michelson-Morley Experiment......Page 1092
30-3 Postulates of Special Relativity and Time Dilation......Page 1094
30-4 Length Contraction......Page 1098
30-5 Lorentz Transformation......Page 1100
30-6 Spacetime......Page 1102
30-7 Relativistic Momentum and Energy......Page 1105
30-8 Relativistic Velocity Addition......Page 1109
30-9 Relativistic Doppler Shift......Page 1111
30-10 Gravitational Time Dilation in General Relativity......Page 1113
30-11 Relativity and the Global Positioning System......Page 1120
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1122
Key Terms......Page 1124
Problems by Section......Page 1126
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1128
Open Problem......Page 1131
Chapter 31: Fundamental Discoveries of Modern Physics......Page 1133
31-1 The Connection between Matter and Electricity......Page 1134
31-2 Temperature and the Emission of Light......Page 1135
31-3 Gas Discharge Spectra......Page 1136
31-4 Cathode Rays......Page 1138
31-5 The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment......Page 1140
31-6 Thomson's Model of the Atom......Page 1142
31-7 Rutherford Scattering......Page 1143
31-8 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 1145
31-9 The Bohr Model of the Atom......Page 1146
31-10 Compton Scattering......Page 1148
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1150
Key Terms......Page 1152
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1154
Open Problem......Page 1155
Chapter 32: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics......Page 1157
32-1 Matter Waves and de Broglie's Hypothesis......Page 1158
32-2 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle......Page 1161
32-3 The Schrodinger Equation......Page 1165
32-4 Solving the Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation......Page 1169
32-5 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Box......Page 1170
32-6 The Finite Square Well Potential......Page 1175
32-7 Quantum Tunnelling......Page 1178
32-8 The Quantization of Angular Momentum......Page 1182
32-9 The Schrodinger Equation for a Hydrogen Atom......Page 1183
32-10 Intrinsic Angular Momentum-Spin......Page 1187
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1192
Key Terms......Page 1193
Problems by Section......Page 1194
Chapter 33: Introduction to Solid-State Physics......Page 1197
33-1 Crystal Structures......Page 1198
33-2 Electrons in a Box......Page 1199
33-3 Periodic Potential......Page 1202
33-4 Metals and Insulators......Page 1203
33-5 Semiconductors......Page 1204
33-7 The pn Junction Diode......Page 1207
33-8 Other Semiconductor Devices......Page 1209
33-9 Nanotechnology......Page 1212
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1214
Key Terms......Page 1215
Problems by Section......Page 1216
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1218
Chapter 34: Introduction to Nuclear Physics......Page 1221
34-1 Nuclear Terminology and Nuclear Units......Page 1222
34-2 Nuclear Size and Nuclear Force......Page 1223
34-3 Nuclear Binding Energy......Page 1225
34-4 Nuclear Decay and Radioactivity......Page 1227
34-5 Nuclear Reactions......Page 1230
34-6 a, B and y Decays......Page 1232
34-7 Nuclear Stability......Page 1241
34-8 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion......Page 1244
34-9 Ionizing Radiation......Page 1250
34-10 Nuclear Medicine and Some Other Applications......Page 1252
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1255
Problems by Section......Page 1256
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1259
Chapter 35: Introduction to Particle Physics......Page 1261
35-1 Classification of Particles......Page 1262
35-2 Gauge Bosons......Page 1264
35-3 Antiparticles......Page 1266
35-4 Quarks and the Standard Model......Page 1267
35-5 Composite Particles......Page 1268
35-6 Colour Quantum Number and Quark Confinement......Page 1271
35-7 Conservation Laws......Page 1272
35-8 The Production and Decay of Particles......Page 1274
35-9 Feynman Diagrams......Page 1276
35-10 Pions and Muons......Page 1278
35-11 Particle Accelerators......Page 1279
35-12 Beyond the Standard Model......Page 1284
Key Concepts and Relationships......Page 1288
Key Terms......Page 1289
Problems by Section......Page 1290
Comprehensive Problems......Page 1292
Appendix A: Answers to Selected Questions......Page 1293
Appendix B: SI Units and Prefixes......Page 1317
Appendix C: Geometry and Trigonometry......Page 1319
Appendix D: Key Calculus Ideas......Page 1321
Appendix E: Useful Mathematical Formulas and Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text and Their Meaning......Page 1325
Appendix F: Periodic Table......Page 1329
Index......Page 1331