Increasing population and industrialization are the key pollutant contributors in water bodies. The wastes generated by industries are highly hazardous for humans and the ecosystem and require a comprehensive and effective treatment before being discharged into water bodies. Over the years, many up gradations have been introduced in traditional water treatment methods which were expensive and ineffective especially for removal of toxic pollutants. Phycoremediation has been gaining attention due to its mutual benefit in wastewater treatment and for valuable algae biomass production. Wastewater, especially sewage and industrial effluents, is rich in pathogenic organisms, organic and inorganic compounds and heavy metals that adversely affect human and aquatic life. Microalgae use these inorganic compounds and heavy metals for their growth. In addition, they also reduce pathogenic organisms and release oxygen to be used by bacteria for decomposition of organic compounds in a secondary treatment. In this book, the potential of microalgae in wastewater treatment, their benefits, strategies, and challenges are discussed. The increasing need of finding innovative, low-cost, low-energy, sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for wastewater treatment makes the publication of a book on phycoremediation timely and appropriate.
Features
(1) Deals with the most emerging aspects of algal research with special reference to phycoremediation.
(2) Studies in depth diversity, mutations, genomics and metagenomics study
(3) An eco-physiology, culturing, microalgae for food and feed, biofuel production, harvesting of microalgae, separation and purification of biochemicals.
Author(s): Maulin P. Shah
Series: Wastewater Treatment and Research
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 192
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor Bio
Contributors
1. Addressing the Strategies of Algal Biomass Production with Wastewater Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biology of Microalgae
1.3 Bioremediation of Wastewater and Cultivation of Microalgae
1.4 Approaches for Enhancing the Microalgal Cultivation
1.4.1 Microalgal-Bacterial Energy Nexus
1.4.2 Microalgal Cultivation Strategies
1.4.2.1 Microalgal Biofilm Technology
1.4.2.2 Microalgal Turf Scrubbers
1.4.2.3 Microalgal Cultivation Systems: Merits and Demerits
1.5 Multifaceted Role: Microalgal-Based Wastewater Treatment
1.5.1 Mechanism of Uptake
1.5.1.1 Phosphorus Uptake
1.5.1.2 Nitrogen Uptake
1.5.1.3 BOD and COD Reduction
1.5.1.4 Pathogen Removal
1.5.1.5 Pesticide Removal
1.5.1.6 Dye Removal
1.5.1.7 Heavy Metal Uptake
1.6 Commercial Applicability of the Microalgal Technology
1.7 Future Research Perspectives and Conclusions
References
2. Recent Progress of Phytoremediation-Based Technologies for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of Phytoremediation
2.3 Interaction Between Rhizo-Remediation and Microbe-Plant in Phytoremediation
2.4 Rhizo-Remediation and Microbe-Plant Interaction in Phytoremediation
2.5 Phytoremediation Techniques by Aquatic Plants for Both Organic and Inorganic Contaminants Removal in Water
2.5.1 Aquatic Plants Selection
2.5.2 Types of Aquatic Plants
2.6 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using Constructed Wetland
2.7 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
3. Microalgae as Biological Cleanser for Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microalgae as Phycoremediation Agent
3.3 Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
3.3.1 Microalgae in Removal of Nutrients from Wastewater
3.3.2 Microalgae for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
3.3.3 Microalgae for Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater
3.4 Microalgae Cultivation Systems for Wastewater Treatments
3.4.1 Open Systems
3.4.1.1 Non-Stirred Ponds
3.4.1.2 Stirred Ponds
3.4.2 Closed System
3.4.2.1 Flat Plate Photobioreactor
3.4.2.2 Tubular Photobioreactors
3.4.2.3 Plastic Bag Photoreactor
3.5 Challenges Associated with Cultivation of Microalgae
3.6 Genetic Modifications of Microalgae for Efficient Decontamination
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Phycoremediation of Toxic Metals for Industrial Effluent Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity
4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals by Algae
4.3.1 Arsenic
4.3.2 Cadmium
4.3.3 Chromium
4.3.4 Lead
4.3.5 Mercury
4.3.6 Selenium
4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
5. Algal Biomass Production Coupled to Wastewater Treatment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advantages of Using Wastewater as a Culture Medium for Production of Microalgae
5.3 Recent Technology of Algae Biomass Production
5.3.1 Microalgae Species Selection for Wastewater Treatment
5.3.2 Production of Microalgae
5.3.2.1 Open Pond
5.3.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor
5.3.3 Harvesting of Microalgae
5.3.4 Use of Microalgae
5.4 Algal Biomass Production Coupled to Wastewater Treatment
5.4.1 Carbon (C)
5.4.2 Nitrogen (N)
5.4.3 Phosphorus (P)
5.4.4 Trace Elements
5.5 Biological Treatment of Different Wastewater Coupled with Microalgal Production
5.5.1 Production of Algae Biomass with Dye Removal
5.5.1.1 The Effect of pH
5.5.1.2 Influence of Dye Structure
5.5.2 Production of Algae Biomass with Metal Removal
5.5.3 Municipal Wastewater
5.5.4 Piggery/Swine Wastewater
5.5.5 Industrial Wastewater
5.5.6 Pharmaceutical Wastewater
5.6 Challenges in Integrating Wastewater Treatment and Algae Biomass Production
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
6. Photobioreactor in Wastewater Treatment: Design and Operational Features
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Commercial Photobioreactors Applications in Wastewater Treatment
6.3 Operational Features of Photobioreactors
6.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
7. Genetic Engineering of Algae
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Alteration Apparatus for GM Microalgae Development
7.2.1 Arrangement of Enunciation Vectors
7.2.2 Transgenes Encoding
7.2.3 Agrobacterium-Mediated Change Technique
7.2.4 Transgene Expression Based on Different Promotors Used in GM Algae
7.2.5 Changes in GM Algae
7.3 Genome Sequencing in GM Algae
7.3.1 Construction of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Library
7.3.2 PCR-Based Amplification Cloning Technique
7.4 Latest Technologies for GM Algae Development
7.4.1 GT Technology
7.4.2 Gene Regulation
7.4.3 RNA Check
7.4.4 Transcription Factors
7.4.5 GM Algae Mutagenesis
7.4.6 Revamping the Genome
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Immobilized Micro Algae for Removing Wastewater Pollutants and Ecotoxicological View of Adsorbed Nanoparticles - An Overview
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phycoremediation of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment
8.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Water System
8.4 Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles
8.4.1 Nanotoxicity on Fish Species
8.5 Removal of Metal Particles with Microalgae in the Water System
8.6 Bioaccumulation of Nanoparticles on Fish Species
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Tailoring Microalgae for Efficient Biofuel Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genetic Engineering
9.3 Why Need Genetic Engineering of Seaweed?
9.4 Seaweed Genomics and Model Organism Selection in Seaweed
9.5 Genetic Manipulation and Improvement in Seaweed
9.5.1 Soma Clonal Variants
9.6 Inducing Morphological Variation Through Somatic Hybridization
9.7 Intergeneric Hybridization
9.8 Trans Divisional Hybridization
9.9 Mutagenesis Mediated Morphological Variation
9.10 Trans-Conjugation
9.11 Natural Transformation and Direct Induced Transformation
9.12 Electroporation
9.13 Biolistic Transformation
9.14 Microinjection
9.15 Artificial Transposon Method
9.16 Agrobacterium Tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Transformation
9.17 Genetic Engineering of Other Algae for Biofuel Production
9.17.1 Green Algae
9.17.2 Diatoms
9.17.3 Dino Flagellates
9.17.4 Red Algae
9.18 Metabolic Engineering of Microalgae
9.18.1 Enhanced Lipid Production
9.18.2 Enhanced Hydrogen Production
9.18.3 Trophic Conversion
9.19 Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoids
9.20 Conclusion
References
