Photonics, Plasmonics and Information Optics: Research and Technological Advances

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Foundation, Progress and Future of Photonics, Plasmonics and Information Optics: Researchers Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure
1.1.2 Photonic Crystal
1.1.3 Plasmonics
1.1.4 Computational Electromagnetics
1.1.5 Information Optics
1.1.6 Quantum Information Processing
1.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Bandgap Engineering of Sol–Gel Spin-Coated TiO 2 Thin Film on Glass Substrate
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation of TiO 2 Solution and Thin Film
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 SEM Image
2.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.3.3 Ellipsometry and Spectrophotometry Results
2.3.3.1 Thickness
2.3.3.2 Optical Transmission
2.3.3.3 Refractive Tndex ( n)
2.3.3.4 Porosity (P)
2.3.3.5 Optical Bandgap
2.3.3.6 Optical Dielectric Constant
2.3.3.7 Optical Conductivity
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for High-Frequency Applications
3.1 Introduction to Metamaterials
3.2 Metasurfaces
3.3 Metasurface absorbers
3.3.1 Single-Band Metasurface Absorber
3.3.2 Dual-Band Metasurface Absorber
3.3.3 Triple-Band Metasurface Absorber
3.3.4 Multiband and Bandwidth-Enhanced Metasurface Absorber
3.4 Metasurface Polarization-converting Structure
3.5 Metasurface Antenna
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 4: Design of Superlens Using 2D Photonic Crystal with Various Geometries under Polarized Incidence: Design of Superlens Using 2D Photonic Crystal
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
4.1.2 Square Lattice Photonic Crystal
4.1.3 Triangular Lattice Photonic Crystal
4.2 Mathematical Formulation
4.2.1 Photonic Band Structure
4.2.2 Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
4.2.2.1 Real-Space Representation of Square Lattice
4.2.2.2 Reciprocal Space Representation of Square Lattice
4.2.3 Real-Space Representation of Triangular Lattice
4.3 Result Analysis
4.3.1 The Square Lattice of Dielectric Columns
4.3.2 The Square Lattice of Air Columns
4.3.3 Triangular Lattice of Dielectric Columns
4.3.4 Triangular Lattice of Air Columns
4.3.5 Analysis of Result Different k -Valued Material in Triangular and Square Lattices
4.3.6 Case Study 1 (Material Si and Air) in TE Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.7 Case Study 2 (Material Si and Air) in TM Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.8 Case Study 3 (Materials Ge and Air) in TM Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.9 Case Study 4 (Materials Ge and Air) in TE Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.10 Case Study 5 (Material InP and Air) in TM Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.11 Case study 6 (Material GaAs and Air) in TM Modes for Triangular Lattice
4.3.12 Case Study 7 (Material Air and Si) in TM Modes in Square Lattice
4.3.13 Case study 8 (Material Air and Ge) in TM Modes in Square Lattice
4.3.14 Case Study 9 (material Air and InP) in TM Modes in Square Lattice
4.3.15 Case Study 10 (Material Air and GaAs) in TM Modes in Square Lattice
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Investigation on Some Fast Optical/Opto-Electronic Switching Systems for Implementing Different Modulation Schemes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modulation of Light by Pockels Cell Biased by Saw-Tooth Electronic Pulse
5.2.1 Joint Modulation on a Single Light Beam
5.2.2 Analytical Results
5.3 Characteristic Study on Different Harmonics of a Light Passing Through a Kerr Cell
5.3.1 Theoretical Analysis
5.3.2 Analytical Results
5.4 Some Applications of OTA Using Phase Encoded Light
5.5 Conduction of Wide-scale Phase Variation by Simultaneous Uses of Pockels and Kerr Materials
5.5.1 Electrically Controlled Phase and Intensity Variations of Using Pockels Material
5.5.2 Phase Variation in Kerr Material by Intensity Variation
5.5.3 Pockels and Kerr Materials Simultaneously for Massive Phase Variation
5.5.4 Theoretical Analysis
5.5.4.1 Efficiency of Modulation after Passing through Only the KDP Material
5.5.4.2 Efficiency of Modulation after Passing through Two Pockels and One Kerr Material
5.5.4.3 Efficiency of Modulation after Passing through Two KDP Materials
5.6 New Method of Conduction of Optical Phase Algebra by Pockels and Kerr Materials in Series
5.7 Alternative Use of Multi-passing for Increasing the Transmission Coefficient of KDP-based Modulator
5.8 Linear Frequency Variation of Light Using Kerr Nonlinearity by Parabolic Light Signal and in a Multi-Passing
5.8.1 Frequency Response of Kerr Medium for a Parabolic Type of Intensity Varying Signal after the First Feedback
5.8.2 Multi-Passing in Kerr Medium for Change of Frequency
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Slotted Photonic Crystal Waveguide: An Effective Platform for Efficient Nonlinear Photonic Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Model Description and Optical Characterization
6.2.1 Coupled NLS Equations for SRS Interaction in Slow-Light Regime
6.3 Raman Amplification Characteristics under CW Laser Pumping
6.4 Raman Amplification Characteristics Under LED Pumping
6.5 Integrable Pump-Stokes Combiner
6.5.1 Transmittance of the Combiner
6.6 Design of All-Optical Pass Switch
6.6.1 Device Architecture of the All-Optical Pass Switch
6.6.2 Performance of the AOPS
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Performance Evaluation of Raman Amplifier-Embedded Optical Fibre Communication System at Both Minimum Dispersion and Minimum Attenuation Windows
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 The Beginning and Need of Optical Communication
7.1.2 Need and Choice of Different Amplifiers in Optical Communication
7.1.3 Choice of Different Frequency Spectra: Pros and Cons
7.2 Raman Amplifier
7.2.1 Importance of Raman Amplifier Over Other Optical Fibre Amplifiers
7.2.2 Choice of Frequency Spectrum
7.2.3 Optical Properties to Be Investigated
7.2.4 Novelty of the Present Work
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Optical Properties Calculated at 1330 nm
7.3.2 Comparative Study with Properties Obtained at 1550 nm
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Ultra-Narrowband Optical Comb Filter Using Sampled Fibre Bragg Gratings
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Motivation
8.2 Optical Comb Filter
8.3 Basics of Fibre Bragg Grating
8.3.1 Apodized Gratings
8.3.2 Chirped Gratings
8.3.3 Phase Shifted Gratings
8.3.4 Superstructure Gratings
8.4 Uniform Sampled Fibre Bragg Grating
8.5 Sampled-chirped Fibre Bragg Grating
8.6 Techniques for Optical Comb Spectrum Generation
8.6.1 Multiple Phase Shift (MPS) Technique
8.6.2 The Spectral Talbot Effect
8.6.3 General Condition for Spectral Self-Imaging
8.7 Reflection Spectrum of CFBG, SFBG, SCFBG and Generation of Optical Comb Spectrum
8.7.1 Generation of Optical Comb Spectrum
8.7.2 U-SFBG Based Optical Comb Filter with MPS
8.7.3 SCFBG Based Optical Comb Filter Using Spectral Talbot Effect
8.8 Ultra-narrow Band Optical Comb Filters
8.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: A Real-Time and Wireless Structural Health Monitoring Scheme for Aerospace Structures Using Fibre Bragg Grating Principle
9.1 Introduction
9.2 IL and ILTH Analysis
9.2.1 Existing Techniques
9.2.2 Three-Layer Identification Process
9.2.3 Theories
9.2.3.1 Layer 1: Estimation of Location
9.2.3.2 Layer 2: Deterministic Identification of Impact Location and Load Characteristics
9.2.4 Verification
9.2.4.1 Verifying the Forward Solving Model
9.2.4.1.1 Layer 1 Verifying Process
9.2.4.1.2 Layer 2 Verification
9.2.5 Summary
9.3 A Real-time Wireless Remote Monitoring Scheme
9.3.1 Real-Time Monitoring of Strain
9.3.2 Methodology
9.3.3 Functional Blocks
9.3.3.1 Fibre Bragg Grating
9.3.3.1.1 Sensor Selection and Deployment
9.3.3.1.2 Wireless Transceiver Selection and Deployment
9.3.3.1.3 Signal Acquisition and Processing on Local Site
9.3.3.1.4 Identification Analysis on Remote Site and Received Signal Verification
9.3.4 Summary
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10: Gap Solitons in Photorefractive Optical Lattices
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theoretical Foundation
10.2.1 Non-centrosymmetric Photorefractive Lattices
10.2.1.1 Bandgap Structure
10.2.1.2 Gap Solitons
10.2.1.3 Stability
10.2.2 Pyroelectric Photorefractive Lattices
10.2.2.1 Bandgap Structure
10.2.2.2 Gap Solitons
10.2.2.3 Stability
10.2.3 Centrosymmetric Photorefractive Lattices
10.2.3.1 Bandgap Structure
10.2.3.2 Gap Solitons
10.2.3.3 Stability
10.2.4 Comparative Study
10.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Real-Time Numerical Analysis of Photonic Bandgap Structures Using Finite Difference in Time-Domain Method
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Related Works
11.3 Finite Difference and Maxwell’s Equation
11.4 Source Waveform for FDTD Simulation
11.4.1 Gaussian Wave
11.4.2 Modulated Gaussian Wave
11.4.3 Total Field/Scatter Field Correction of the FDTD Source
11.5 Numerical Dispersion and Stability
11.6 Absorbing Boundary Conditions
11.6.1 Mur’s Absorbing Boundary Conditions
11.6.2 Perfectly Matched Layer
11.7 PBGS with Quarter-wavelength Material Duo
11.7.1 Characteristics of Thin Films with Subwavelength Dimensions
11.7.2 Bimaterial Cavity Resonator with Quarter-Wavelength Material Duo
11.7.3 Stopband Characteristics of the Structures ( HL) N ( HL) N and ( LH) N ( LH) N
11.8 Transmission Filters Using Fabry–Perot Cavities
11.8.1 Shifting the Central Wavelength of the Output Spectra at the Working Wavelength
11.8.2 Narrowband Optical Filter and Its Analysis
11.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Super Achromatic Multi-Level Diffractive Lens: A New Era Flat Lenses
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History
12.3 Problems in Conventional Diffractive Lens
12.3.1 Monochromatic Aberration
12.3.2 Defocus
12.3.3 Spherical Aberration
12.3.4 Comatic Aberration
12.3.5 Astigmatic Aberration
12.3.6 Field Curvature
12.3.7 Image Distortion
12.3.8 Chromatic Aberration
12.4 GRIN System
12.5 Flat Lens
12.6 MetaLens
12.7 Multi-diffractive Lens
12.8 Achromatic Lens
12.9 Super-achromatic Lens
12.10 Design and Methods
12.11 Iterative Direct Binary Search
12.12 Simulated Annealing
12.13 Genetic Algorithm
12.13.1 Initiate Population
12.13.2 Cost Function or Fitness Function
12.13.3 Natural Selection
12.13.4 Select Population for Mating
12.13.5 Generate Offspring
12.13.6 Mutate Selected Members from the Population
12.13.7 Terminate When Optimum Condition Is Reached
12.14 Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm
12.15 Particle Swarm Optimization
12.15.1 Fabrication Techniques
12.15.2 Mask-Based Lithography
12.15.3 Parallel Direct Writing
12.15.4 Electron Beam Lithography
12.16 Comparative Analysis and Discussion
12.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Adaptive Repetitive Control of Peristaltic Pump Flow Rate with an Optical Flow Sensing System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Rotary Peristaltic Pump
13.2.1 Different Pump Parameters
13.3 Peristaltic Pump Model
13.3.1 Disturbances and Uncertainties
13.4 Optical Sensor-based Application Including Peristaltic Pump
13.4.1 Case I. Continuous Monitoring of Intrapulse Measurement of Blood Flow
13.4.2 Case II. Optical Fibre-Based Spectrophotometer
13.4.3 Case III: Ultrasonic Vascular Vector Flow Mapping for 2D Flow Estimation
13.4.4 Case IV: Optical Fibre Sensor-Based Colorimetric Determination
13.4.5 Case V: Fluidic System Used to Test the pH Sensor
13.5 Proposed Method of Optical Flow Sensing System (OFSS) for Peristaltic Pump
13.6 Controller Design for Peristaltic Pump
13.6.1 Repetitive Control Loop Design
13.7 Simulation Results
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Conclusion
References
Index
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B
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D
E
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