Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production for Sustainable Energy

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in the Context of Sustainable Energy
1.1 The Transition to Sustainable Energy
1.1.1 Trends in Primary Energy Production
1.1.2 Fossil Reserves
1.1.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Global Warming
1.1.4 Strategic Low‐carbon Goals and Energy Sustainability
1.2 Hydrogen as Renewable Energy Carrier
1.2.1 The Colors of Hydrogen: Toward Clean Hydrogen
1.2.2 Costs of Hydrogen Production
1.2.3 Solar Fuels and Synthetic Fuels
1.3 The Opportunity for Photocatalytic Hydrogen
1.3.1 Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting
1.3.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting
1.3.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen from Various Feedstocks by Photoreforming
1.3.4 Photobiocatalytic Hydrogen
1.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Fundamentals and Concepts of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
2.1 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
2.2 Thermodynamic Description
2.3 Standard Electrode Potential
2.4 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
2.5 Co‐catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
2.6 Role of Platinum
2.7 Anatase and Rutile
2.8 Outlooks on Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
References
Chapter 3 Isotopic Substitution to Unravel the Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Isotopic Substitution on the Solvent or Substrate
3.2.1 Water
3.2.2 Alcohols
3.2.3 Carbonyl Compounds
3.2.4 Aromatic Compounds
3.3 Isotopic Substitution on the Photocatalyst
3.3.1 Ti Substitution
3.3.2 O Substitution
3.3.3 H Substitution
3.3.4 Substitution in Materials Other than TiO2
3.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting and Related Processes for Strategic Energy Storage into Hydrogen
4.1 Photocatalysis as a Water Splitting Technology Option
4.1.1 What Is (and What Is Not) Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting?
4.1.2 Comparison to Competing Technologies: Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic‐Electrochemical
4.2 Basics and Fundamentals of Photocatalytic Water Splitting
4.2.1 Water Splitting Thermodynamics, Energy Balance and Metrics
4.2.2 Photophysics of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysts
4.2.3 The Challenging Kinetics of Water Splitting and Co‐Catalyst Requirements
4.2.4 Photoreactor Engineering and Process Conditions
4.3 Materials for Photocatalytic Overall Splitting of Pure Water into H2 and O2
4.3.1 Single Light Absorber Configuration Based on Metal Oxide Semiconductors
4.3.2 Doped Metal Oxides Improve Single Absorber Photocatalysts
4.3.3 Modifications of Single Light Absorber Photocatalysts: (Oxy)nitrides, (Oxy)sulfides
4.3.4 Organic or Metal–Organic Semiconductors for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
4.3.5 Bioinspired Two‐Absorber Z‐Scheme Configurations toward Artificial Chloroplasts
4.3.6 Artificial Leaves Based on Semiconductor Junctions
4.4 Photocatalytic Splitting of Seawater
4.5 Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting into H2O2 and H2
4.6 Beyond Water Splitting: Photocatalytic Hydrogen from NH3 or Other Binary Hydrogen Substances
4.7 Outlook and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Photoelectrocatalytic H2 Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Parameters Affecting PEC H2 Production
5.2.1 Solar‐to‐H2 Conversion Efficiency
5.2.2 Incident Photon to Current Efficiency
5.2.3 Photocurrent Density
5.2.4 Reactor Setup
5.2.4.1 Type of Photocell
5.2.4.2 Incident Light
5.2.4.3 Photocell Window Material
5.3 Photoelectrochemical Semiconductor Materials
5.3.1 Morphologies of Semiconductor Materials
5.3.2 Photoelectrode Modification
5.3.2.1 Bilayer Structure
5.3.2.2 Z‐Scheme Multilayer
5.3.2.3 Co‐Catalyst Layer
5.3.2.4 Surface Passivation Coating
5.4 Photoelectrochemical Reactor Configurations
5.4.1 Single Photoelectrochemical Cells
5.4.2 Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cells
5.4.3 PEC‐DSSC Systems
5.4.4 Integrated PEC Systems
5.5 Design Considerations for Water Splitting
5.5.1 Theoretical Studies and Models
5.5.2 Temperature Effects
5.5.3 Semiconductor Features
5.5.4 Technical Challenges
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Hydrogen Production from Water Using Thermal and Photo‐Driven Systems. An Overview of Research Activity on Catalysts‐Based Multi‐junction Solar Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Thermal Water Splitting Using Metal Oxides
6.1.1.1 Principle
6.1.1.2 Application
6.1.1.3 Limitation
6.1.2 Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
6.1.3 Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting
6.1.3.1 Principle
6.1.3.2 Application
6.1.3.3 Limitation
6.2 A Case Study
6.2.1 Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) Systems, Stability, and Performance
6.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation by Metal–Organic Frameworks
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photocatalysis
7.3 Photocatalysts
7.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
7.5 MOFs as Photocatalysts
7.6 MOFs as Photocatalysts for H2 Generation
7.7 MOFs as Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting
7.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Organic Transformations Involving Photocatalytic Hydrogen Release
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamental Principles of Photocatalytic Systems for H2 Evolution
8.3 Photocatalytic Organic Transformations Integrated with H2 Generation
8.3.1 Photocatalytic Organic Oxidation Coupled with H2 Production
8.3.1.1 Oxidation of Alcohols
8.3.2 Oxidation of Biomass‐Derived Intermediates
8.3.3 Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling Reactions Integrated with H2 Formation
8.3.3.1 Formation of CC Coupled Products
8.3.3.2 Formation of CN Coupled Products
8.3.3.3 Formation of SS Coupled Products
8.3.4 Integration of H2 Production with Oxidative Cross‐Coupling
8.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Biomass Reforming
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Principles of Photocatalysis
9.3 Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass
9.4 Metal‐Based Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass
9.4.1 TiO2‐Based Photocatalysts and Effect of Co‐catalysts
9.4.1.1 Platinized TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) Photocatalysts
9.4.1.2 Pd/TiO2 Photocatalysts
9.4.1.3 Au/TiO2 Photocatalysts
9.4.2 Non‐precious Metals/TiO2 Photocatalysts
9.4.3 Nonmetals/TiO2 Photocatalysts
9.4.4 CdS‐Based Photocatalysts and Co‐catalyst Loading
9.4.4.1 Au/CdS Photocatalysts
9.4.4.2 Ni/CdS Photocatalyst
9.4.4.3 NiS/CdS Photocatalyst
9.4.5 Metal Sulfides Other than CdS
9.4.6 Metal Oxides Other than TiO2‐Based Photocatalysts
9.5 Metal–Organic Framework (MOFs)‐Based Photocatalysts
9.6 Metal‐Free Photocatalysts
9.7 Dye‐Sensitized TiO2 Photocatalysts
9.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Aqueous Solutions of Organic Substances – Biomass Components – Over CdS‐based Photocatalysts Under Visible Light
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Comparison of Various Biomass Processing Methods
10.3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Biomass Components
10.4 The Use of CdS‐Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from Biomass Components
10.5 The Synthesis of Novel Photocatalysts Cd1−xZnxS‐Cd1−yZnyS for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Biomass Components
10.5.1 Hydrogen Evolution from Low‐soluble Biomass Components
10.5.1.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Cellulose Aqueous Suspensions
10.5.1.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Starch Aqueous Suspensions
10.6 Concluding Remark and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Waste
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Municipal Wastewater (MWW)
11.3 Industrial Wastewater (IWW)
11.3.1 Effect of Oxic or Anoxic Conditions and Hydrogen Precursor
11.3.2 Dyes‐containing Wastewaters
11.3.3 Biodiesel Production‐derived Wastewater
11.4 Pharmaceutical Wastewater (PWW)
11.4.1 Pharmaceutical Compounds
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Catalysts and Photoreactors for Photocatalytic Solar Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Recent Developments at Pilot Scale
12.1 Materials for Solar Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
12.1.1 General Considerations on the H2 Production Reaction
12.1.2 Photoreforming
12.2 Factors that Influence Photocatalyst Activity
12.2.1 Catalyst Structure and Morphology
12.2.2 Light Intensity
12.2.3 Temperature
12.2.4 pH
12.3 Current Photoreactors and Pilot Plants
12.3.1 Pilot Solar Photoreactors for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: CPCs
12.3.2 Pilot Solar Photoreactors for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Other Collectors
12.4 Advances in Photoreactors
12.4.1 Slurry Photoreactors
12.4.2 Fixed Catalyst Photoreactors
12.5 Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment with Simultaneous Hydrogen Production
12.6 Future Outlook
References
Index
EULA