Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation and Energy Production: Recent Advances and Applications

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Synthesis of Photocatalyst by Various Methods
1 Modification of Detonation Nanodiamonds with Endofullerenols to Obtain Magnetic Photosensitive Structures for Theranostics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Experimental
1.2.1 Samples and Methods
1.2.2 Formation of Complexes in Aqueous Solutions: Synchrotron Scattering Data
1.2.3 Analysis of Spatial Correlations Between Scattering Centers in Aqueous Systems of Complexes, Diamonds, and Fullerenols
1.3 Magnetic Relaxation Properties of Complexes and Tests on Biological Cells By Using Complexes
1.4 Summary
References
2 Preparation of Alloy and the Application for Photocatalytic Degradation Under Solar/UV and Visible Light Irradiation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Photocatalysts
2.3 Principle and Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation Process
2.4 Preparation and Properties of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts
2.4.1 Mechanical Alloying Method
2.4.2 Solvothermal Method
2.4.3 Co-Reduction Method
2.4.4 Green Synthesis
2.4.5 Other Methods
2.5 Degradation Performance of Alloy-Based Photocatalysts
2.6 Challenges
2.7 Conclusions and Outlooks
References
3 Photocatalytically Active Thin-Film Coatings
3.1 Introduction to Thin-Film Technology
3.2 Deposition Methods of Thin Films
3.2.1 Vacuum-Based Methods
3.2.2 Non-Vacuum-Based Methods
3.3 Roles of Nanomaterials in Catalytic Thin-Film Coating
3.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Catalytic Thin Films
3.4.1 Effect of Thickness
3.4.2 Effect of Substrate
3.5 Growth of Large-Area Catalytic Thin Films
3.6 Super Hydrophobic Coatings
3.6.1 Super Hydrophobic Polymer-Based Coatings
3.6.2 Super Hydrophobic Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Coating
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Photocatalytic Activity of 3D Printed TiO2 Architectures Under Solar Radiation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental Procedure
4.2.1 Synthesis of the TiO2 Nanostructures
4.2.2 Design and Printing of the 3D Macro-Architectures
4.2.3 Incorporation of the TiO2 Nanostructures in the 3D Printed Architectures
4.2.4 TiO2 Nanostructures and 3D Printed Architectures Characterization
4.2.5 Photocatalytic Activity
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 TiO2 Nanostructures
4.3.2 3D Printed Macro-Architectures
4.3.3 Photocatalytic Behavior of the 3D Printed Macro-Architectures
4.4 Conclusions
References
Part II Photocatalytic Activity Enhancement
5 Photocatalytic Reactors Design and Operating Parameters on the Wastewater Organic Pollutants Removal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Organic Pollutants in Wastewater
5.2.1 Organic Dyes
5.2.2 Pesticides
5.2.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
5.2.4 Aromatic Compounds
5.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
5.3.1 Photocatalytic Degradation Process
5.3.2 Photocatalyst
5.4 Design of the Photocatalytic Reactors for Organic Pollutants
5.4.1 The Mole Balance of the Organic Pollutants
5.4.2 Reaction Rate
5.4.3 Photoreactor Types
5.4.4 Selection of Irradiation Source
5.5 Operating Parameters
5.5.1 pH
5.5.2 Temperature
5.5.3 Pollutant Concentration
5.5.4 Photocatalyst Dosage
5.5.5 Oxidants
5.5.6 Coexisting Inorganic Anions
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Visible Light Mediated Click Chemistry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification Click Reactions
6.3 Visible Light Mediated Reactions
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Effective X-ray Luminescent Hybrid Structures of Nanodiamonds Associated with Metal–organic Scintillators
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experimental
7.2.1 Samples
7.2.2 Methods
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Optical Absorption
7.3.2 X-ray Luminescence
7.3.3 Luminescence Under UV and Visible Radiation
7.3.4 Singlet Oxygen Generation in Aqueous Colloids of Complexes
7.3.5 Structure of DND Containing Complexes
7.3.6 Spatial Correlations of Diamonds in Aqueous Medium
7.4 Summary
References
Part III Applications of Photocatalysts
8 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Airborne Pathogen in Air
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Principle of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
8.3 Photocatalysis—Reaction Kinetics
8.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
8.4.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for the Photodegradation of VOC
8.4.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of VOCs
8.5 Photocatalytic Disinfection of Different Airborne Pathogens
8.5.1 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for Airborne Pathogen Disinfection
8.5.2 Photocatalytic Reactors for the Treatment of Airborne Pathogens
8.6 Reactors Used in Commercial Applications
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Application of Photocatalysts to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Health: A Sustainable Environmental Approach
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What is Photocatalyst
9.3 Photocatalytic Materials Used in Air Pollution Research
9.4 Pollutants in Indoor Air
9.4.1 Biological Pollutant
9.4.2 Chemical Pollutant
9.5 Technology Adopted for Remediation of Indoor Air Pollution
9.5.1 Improved Cookstove
9.5.2 Improved Cooking Fuels
9.5.3 Modifications of Ventilation Pattern
9.5.4 Ozonation
9.5.5 Adsorption
9.5.6 Filtration
9.5.7 Photocatalytic Oxidation and Removal of Organic Compounds
9.6 Photocatalysis with Ozone
9.7 Photocatalysis with ZnO
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Recent Progress in Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxide Photocatalysts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties of Metal Oxide Catalysis
10.3 Synthesis Method of Nanoparticles
10.4 Mechanism for Photocatalysts
10.5 Various Fields of Application
10.6 Biomedical Application of Metal Oxide Photocatalysis
10.7 Limitations of Photocatalysts
References
11 Role of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysts in Green Organic Synthesis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Selective Oxidation Reactions
11.2.1 Aldehydes/Ketones Formation via Oxidation Reactions
11.2.2 Strategies to Modify Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
11.2.3 Effect of Metals Loading
11.2.4 Non-metal Cocatalysts Loading Impact
11.2.5 Tuning of Electronic Structure
11.2.6 Effects of Surface Modification
11.3 Selective Conversion of Amines to Imines
11.3.1 Reaction Mechanism
11.3.2 Modifications of Semiconductor-Based Photocatalysts
11.4 Reduction of Nitro Compounds
11.4.1 Reaction Mechanism
11.4.2 Engineering in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
11.5 Benzene Compounds Hydrocarbylation
11.5.1 Mechanisms for the Synthesis of Phenol
11.5.2 Engineering in Semiconductor Photocatalysts
11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part IV Theoretical Studies of Photocatalytic Material
12 Strain Engineering for Tuning the Photocatalytic Activity of Metal–Organic Frameworks
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Strain Engineering for Tuning Photocatalytic Activities
12.2.1 Electrical Conductivity Tuning
12.2.2 Band Gap Tuning
12.2.3 Morphology and Topography Tuning
12.2.4 Linking Tuning
12.2.5 Stability Tuning
12.3 Present Challenges with MOF Tuning
12.4 Future Perspectives
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Theory, Modeling and Computational Aspects Regarding the Mechanisms of Activation of Photocatalysts
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Need for Theoretical Models
13.1.2 Theoretical Models Used
13.1.3 Theoretical Models for Metal Oxide Catalysts [14]
13.1.4 Theoretical Model for Carbon-Based Catalysts
13.1.5 Recent Progress in Theory and Modeling on Photocatalysis
13.2 Conclusion
References
14 Electrocatalytic Activation and Conversion of CO2 at Solid–Liquid Model Interfaces: Computational Perspectives
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Heterogeneous Catalyst for CO2 Reduction
14.1.2 CO2 Activation and Conversion
14.2 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids
14.2.1 Effect of Anions with [BMIm]+ Cation
14.2.2 Effect of Alkyl Chain and Anions ([CnMIm]+[X]−)
14.3 Characterization of the Ionic Liquids@Au(111) Surface
14.3.1 Effect of Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids at the Gold Surface
14.3.2 Effect of Hydrophobic Anions and BMIm+ Cation at the Au(111) Surface
14.3.3 Impact of Alkyl Groups of the (CnMIm+) at the Au(111) Surface
14.4 Electrocatalysis of CO2 Reduction
14.4.1 Interaction of CO2 with Ionic Liquids
14.4.2 Adsorption of CO2 at Hydrophilic ILs-Decorated Gold Surface
14.4.3 CO2 Activation at IL@Gold Electrode
14.4.4 Investigation of CO2 Conversion into HCOOH at the ILs@Gold Surface
14.5 Conclusion
References
Part V Advances in Photocatalytic Material for CO2  Reduction and H2 Production
15 Bismuth-Based Photocatalytic Material for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Clean Energy Production
15.2.1 Solar Cell Technology
15.2.2 Hydrogen Gas as a Fuel
15.2.3 Hydrocarbons as Fuel
15.2.4 Biofuel Production
15.3 Strategies for Photocatalytic Fuel Production
15.3.1 Structural and Functional Modification
15.3.2 Recent Progress in Rational Approach for Optimizing Catalyst Loading
15.3.3 Component Regulation
15.3.4 Doping
15.3.5 Facet Engineering
15.3.6 Defects Engineering
15.3.7 Co-catalyst Loading
15.3.8 Heterojunction Construction
15.3.9 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
15.4 Summary
References
16 Efficient Photoactive Materials for CO2 Conversion into Valuable Products Using Organic and Inorganic-Based Composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Thermodynamics and Mechanism of CO2 Reduction
16.3 Types of Photocatalytic Materials
16.3.1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
16.3.2 Perovskite Materials
16.3.3 TiO2-Based Materials and Composites
16.4 Amine Group Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks (NH2-MOFs)
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Conducting Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites-Based Photocatalytic Material for Energy Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Energy Harnessing
17.2.1 Case Study of Solar Energy
17.3 Energy Transmission
17.3.1 Nanodevices
17.3.2 Conductive Polymers
17.4 Energy Storage
17.4.1 Electrochemical Energy Systems
17.4.2 Supercapacitors
17.4.3 Thermoelectric Generators
17.4.4 Case Study on Polydopamine Fabricated Photocatalytic Nanocomposite
17.4.5 Case Study of Graphene
17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
18 Recent Developments in MOFs Materials for the Photocatalytic H2 Production by Water Splitting
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks
18.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
18.4 Conclusion
References
19 Interface Engineering of Nano-Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Degradation of Organic Pollutants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Fundamental Principles/Thermodynamics of Semiconductor Photocatalysts
19.3 Engineering Interfacial Parameters of Semiconductor Nanostructures
19.4 Characterization of Interfaces in Semiconductor Photocatalysts
19.5 Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation
19.6 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
19.7 Summary and Future Perspectives
References