Petroleum bioventing is a new technique for the biological in situ removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil. This book investigates the composition and the behaviour of petroleum in soil, soil properties and soil processes, their interaction with bacterial processes, possibilities for optimizing the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil by bacteria and it explains the phenomenon of recalcitrance. This interdisciplinary approach forms the basis for both modelling and design principles of bioventing. Key features: Background knowledge on the physical/chemical/biogeochemical properties of soil and soil processes with respect to petroleum bioventing; Background knowledge on petroleum biodegradation and noval approaches to stimulate petroleum biodegradation to stimulate petroleum biodegradation in soil and biofilters; Modelling efforts showing the effect of diffusion and soil porosity on bioventing design and the effect of ventilation quotients on the aeration & biological clean up of soils, particularly heterogeneous soils; New insights into biological removal of priority pollutants from petroleum hydrocarbons, the problem of residual concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil & the requirements by the Law on Soil Protection.
Author(s): J. Van Eyk
Publisher: CRC Press/Balkema
Year: 1997
Language: English
Pages: 323
City: Leiden
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Symbols
Part 1: Background Knowledge
1: Historical Background
References
2: Soil, The Natural Habitat of Microbes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical and Physical/Chemical Properties
2.2.1 Soil as a Three-Phase System
2.2.2 The Grain-Water-Air System
2.2.3 The Solid Phase
2.2.4 Exchange Adsorption of Electrolytes
2.2.5 The Aqueous Phase
2.2.6 The Gas Phase
2.3 Physical Processes
2.3.1 Convective Flow
2.3.2 Oxygen Diffusion
2.3.3 Mass Transfer and Oxygen Solubility
2.3.4 Dispersion
2.3.5 Adsorption/Desorption
2.3.6 Retardation
2.4 Chemical Equilibria
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Carbonate Equilibria
2.4.3 pH and CO2 in Soil Water
2.4.4 Acidification and Carbonate Minerals
2.4.5 Dissolution Reactions
2.4.6 CO2 Pressures in Soil
2.5 Biochemical Oxidations
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Redox Reactions
2.5.3 The Redox Potential
References
3: Biochemical and Biogeochemical Soil Processes
3.1 The Carbon Cycle
3.2 The Role of Microbes in the Hydrogeology
3.3 Degradation of Organic Soil Pollutants
3.3.1 General
3.3.2 The Effect of Physical/Chemical Soil Properties on Biodegradation
3.3.3 The Effect of the Physical/Chemical Properties of the Pollutant on Biodegradation
References
4: Petroleum
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Petroleum Products and Their Composition
4.3 Physical and Biochemical Properties
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Solubility of Petroleum Products
4.3.3 Adsorption of Petroleum Products
4.3.4 Viscosity
4.3.5 Vapour Pressures
4.3.6 Toxicity of Petroleum Prodcuts
4.4 The Behaviour of Spilled Petroleum in Soil
4.4.1 Migration into the Soil
4.4.2 Product on the Water Table
References
5: Baciterial Growth on Hydrocarbons
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Exponential Growth
5.2.1 The Bacterial Growth Cycle
5.2.2 Degree of Multiplication: X/X0
5.2.3 Diauxic Growth Cycles
5.2.4 Growth Yield
5.2.5 Substrate Utilization and Growth Rate
5.2.6 The Effect of Carbon Dioxide Pressures on Growth
5.3 Linear Growth
5.4 Growth on Hydrocarbons
5.4.1 Oxygen Demand
5.4.2 Growth Rates and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
References
6: Petroleum Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Role of Atmospheric Oxygen in Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
6.2.1 Hydroxylases or Mono-Oxygenases
6.2.2 Dioxygenases
6.3 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation
6.3.1 Dehydrogenation of Paraffins
6.3.2 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Monocyclic-Aromatics
6.4 Activities of Hydrocarbon Oxidizing Enzymes
6.4.1 Alkane Oxygenases
6.4.2 Dioxygenases
6.5 Oxidation of Petroleum Constituents
6.5.1 n-Alkanes
6.5.2 Iso-Alkanes and Acyclic Terpenes
6.5.3 Alicyclics (Naphthenes)
6.5.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
6.6 Co-Oxidation
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Implications for in Situ Remediation
References
7: Microbial Mineralization Kinetics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbial Mineralization Kinetics in Water and Soil
7.3 Mineralization Rates of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
7.3.1 Land Disposal
7.3.2 Reported in Situ Removal Rates
7.4 Residual Values and the Recalcitrace of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
7.5 Toxic Product Formation
References
8: Stimulated Petroleum Biodegradation
8.1 Biomass in Soil
8.1.1 Bacterial Numbers and Community Structure
8.1.2 Bioaugmentation
8.1.3 Effect of Fertilizers
8.2 Growth Associated Phenomena
8.2.1 Uncoupled Growth
8.2.2 Enhancing the Metabolic Quotient, Qo2, in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Oxidation
8.2.3 Biosurfactant Production
8.3 Non-Growth Associated Phenomena
8.3.1 Maintenance Energy and Microbial Decay
8.3.2 Microbial Grazing
8.4 Biodegradation Rate Factors
8.4.1 Effect of pH
8.4.2 Effect of Temperature
8.4.3 Substrate Accessibility and the Effect of Detergents
8.5 Possible in Situ Removal Rates
8.5.1 Maximum Possible in Situ Removal Rates
8.5.2 Estimated Possible in Situ Removal Rates for Field Conditions
8.5.3 Simulated in Situ Removal Rates
8.5.4 Fertilizer Supplementation
8.5.5 Non-Metabolizable Substrates
8.5.6 Effect of Temperature
References
Part 2: Modelling, Field Experience and Design Principles
9: Gas Transport
10: Venting Techniques
10.1 Vent-Drains
10.2 Vent-Wells
10.3 Extraction Mode
10.3.1 Open Ground Surface
10.3.2 Impermeable Ground Surface
11: Site Characterization
11.1 Soil Characterization
11.1.1 Soil Heterogeneity
11.1.2 Soil Moisture
11.1.3 Soil-Air Water Permeability, K0
11.1.4 Soil-Air Permeability, Ka
11.2 Pollutant Characterization
11.2.1 Pollutant Composition
11.2.2 Depth to Ground Surface
11.3 Mobile Product on the Ground Water Table
11.4 Evaluation of in Situ Petroleum Hydrocarbon Oxidation
References
12: Modelling Bioventing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Flow Model
12.3 The Transport Model
12.4 The Biological Model
12.5 Radial Symmetric Calculations
12.5.1 Effect of Diffusion
12.5.2 The Bioventing Mode
12.5.3 The Effect of Air-Filled Porosity, ɛa
12.6 Calculations in Three Dimensions
12.6.1 Permeability Contours for Heterogeneous Soils
12.6.2 Oxygen Contours for Homogeneous Soils
12.6.3 Oxygen Contours for Heterogeneous Soils
12.6.4 The Effect of Well Head Pressures
12.6.5 Carbondioxide Contours
12.7 Modelling Optimal Bioventing Design
References
13: System Design
13.1 General
13.2 Vent Well Construction
13.2.1 Boreholes
13.2.2 Continuous Pushing Device
13.3 Well Pressure
13.3.1 Injection or Extraction Mode
13.4 The Effect of Soil Venting on Soil Moisture
13.4.1 Water Condensation in the Soil
13.4.2 Condensation of Water in the Piping System
13.4.3 Evaporation of Water from the Soil
14: Progress Evaluation of Petroleum Removal from Soil and Shut Down Indicators
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Measurements from the Gas Phase
14.2.1 The Extraction Mode
14.2.2 The Injection Mode
14.2.3 The Injection/Extraction Mode
14.3 From Petroleum Product Composition
References
15: Case Studies: The Breda Project
15.1 Aim of the Project
15.2 Design of the System
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Hydrocarbon removal Measured from CO2 Production
15.3.2 Confirmation Borings
References
16: Complying with the Law on Soil Protection
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Problem Definition
16.3 Starting Point of the Law on Soil Protection
16.4 The Scientific Basis of the Reference Values
16.4.1 Heavy Metals
16.4.2 Organics
16.5 Implementation of the Law on Soil Remediation
16.5.1 Duty of report
16.5.2 The Necessity for Remediation, Intervention Values
16.5.3 The Invariable Object for Soil Remediation
16.6 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and the New Soil Cleanup Guideline
Glossary
Subject Index
