Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
General Aspects of Metamorphism
1 Introduction to Metamorphic Rocks, Rock Metamorphism, and Metamorphic Processes
1.1 Causes and Conditions of Metamorphism
1.1.1 Low-Temperature Limit of Metamorphism
1.1.2 High-Temperature Limit of Metamorphism
1.1.3 Low-Pressure Limit of Metamorphism
1.1.4 High-Pressure Limit of Metamorphism
1.2 Types of Metamorphism
1.2.1 Orogenic Metamorphism
1.2.2 Ocean-Floor Metamorphism
1.2.3 Other Types of Regional Metamorphism
1.2.4 Contact Metamorphism
1.2.5 Cataclastic Metamorphism
1.2.6 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
1.2.7 Other Types of Small-Scale Metamorphism
References
Cited References
2 Metamorphic Rocks
2.1 Primary Material of Metamorphic Rocks
2.1.1 Chemical Composition of Protoliths of Metamorphic Rocks
2.1.2 Chemical Composition Classes of Metamorphic Rocks and Their Protoliths
2.2 The Structure of Metamorphic Rocks
2.3 Classification and Names of Metamorphic Rocks
2.3.1 Rock Names Referring to the Structure
2.3.2 Names for High-Strain Rocks
2.3.3 Special Terms
2.3.4 Modal Composition of Rocks
2.3.5 Names Related to the Origin of the Protolith
2.4 Mineral Assemblages and Mineral Parageneses
2.5 Graphical Representation of Metamorphic Mineral Assemblages
2.5.1 Mole Numbers, Mole Fractions and the Mole Fraction Line
2.5.2 The Mole Fraction Triangle
2.5.3 Projections
2.5.3.1 Simple Projections
2.5.3.2 Projection of Solid-Solution Minerals
2.5.3.3 Complex Projections
2.5.3.4 AFM Projection
2.5.3.5 ACF Projection
2.5.3.6 Other Projections
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading
3 Metamorphic Processes
3.1 Principles of Metamorphic Reactions
3.2 Pressure and Temperature Changes in Crust and Mantle
3.2.1 General Aspects
3.2.2 Heat Flow and Geotherms
3.2.2.1 Transient Geotherms
3.2.3 Temperature Changes and Metamorphic Reactions
3.2.4 Pressure Changes in Rocks
3.3 Gases and Fluids
3.4 Time Scale of Metamorphism
3.5 Pressure–Temperature-Time Paths and Reaction History
3.6 Chemical Reactions in Metamorphic Rocks
3.6.1 Reactions Among Solid-Phase Components
3.6.1.1 Phase Transitions, Polymorphic Reactions
3.6.1.2 Net-Transfer Reactions
3.6.1.3 Exchange Reactions
3.6.1.4 Exsolution Reactions/Solvus Reactions
3.6.2 Reactions Involving Volatiles as Reacting Species
3.6.2.1 Dehydration Reactions
3.6.2.2 Decarbonation Reactions
3.6.2.3 Mixed Volatile Reactions
3.6.2.4 Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
3.6.2.5 Reactions Involving Sulfur
3.6.2.6 Reactions Involving Halogens
3.6.2.7 Complex Mixed Volatile Reactions and Fluids
3.6.2.8 Reactions Involving Minerals and Dissolved Components in Aqueous Solutions
3.7 Reaction Progress
3.8 Phase Diagrams
3.8.1 Phase Diagrams, General Comments and Software
3.8.2 The Phase Rule
3.8.2.1 Phase Rule in Reactive Systems
3.8.3 Construction of Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems After the Method of Schreinemakers
3.8.4 Use of Phase Diagrams, an Example
3.9 Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Transport
3.9.1 General Comments
3.9.2 Propagation of Reaction Fronts
3.9.3 Diffusion in Garnet
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading and a Selection of Additional Literature
4 Metamorphic Grade, Conditions of Metamorphism
4.1 General Considerations
4.2 Index Minerals and Mineral Zones
4.3 Metamorphic Facies
4.3.1 Origin of the Facies Concept
4.3.2 Metamorphic Facies Scheme
4.3.2.1 Sub-Blueschist-Greenschist Facies
4.3.2.2 Greenschist Facies
4.3.2.3 Amphibolite Facies
4.3.2.4 Granulite Facies
4.3.2.5 Blueschist Facies
4.3.2.6 Eclogite Facies
4.3.3 Pressure–Temperature Conditions of Metamorphic Facies
4.4 Isograds
4.4.1 The Isograd Concept
4.4.2 Zone Boundaries, Isograds and Reaction-Isograds
4.4.3 Assessing Isograds, Isobars and Isotherms
4.5 Bathozones and Bathograds
4.6 Petrogenetic Grid
4.6.1 Polymorphic Transitions
4.6.1.1 Andalusite–Kyanite–Sillimanite
4.6.1.2 Calcite–Aragonite
4.6.1.3 Quartz–Coesite
4.7 Geothermobarometry
4.7.1 Concept and General Principle
4.7.2 Exchange Reactions
4.7.2.1 Garnet–Clinopyroxene
4.7.2.2 Garnet–Biotite
4.7.2.3 Isotopic Exchange Thermometry
4.7.3 Net-Transfer Reactions
4.7.3.1 Garnet-Aluminosilicate-Quartz-Plagioclase (GASP)
4.7.3.2 Garnet-Rutile-Aluminosilicate-Ilmenite-Quartz (GRAIL)
4.7.3.3 Clinopyroxene-Plagioclase-Quartz (JQA)
4.7.3.4 Sphalerite-Pyrrhotite-Pyrite
4.7.4 Miscibility Gaps and Solvus Thermometry
4.7.4.1 Orthopyroxene-Clinopyroxene
4.7.4.2 Plagioclase-Alkali Feldspar
4.7.4.3 Calcite-Dolomite
4.7.5 Uncertainties in Thermobarometry
4.7.6 Assumptions and Precautions
4.7.7 Thermobarometry Using Multi-equilibrium Calculations (MET)
4.8 Gibbs Method
4.9 Assemblage Stability Diagrams
4.10 More P–T Tools
4.10.1 Reactions Involving Fluid Species
4.10.1.1 Phengite-Biotite-K-Feldspar-Quartz:
4.10.1.2 Magnetite-Ilmenite Equilibria and the “QUILF” System:
4.10.2 P–T Tools for Very Low-Grade Rocks
4.10.2.1 Fluid Inclusions
4.10.2.2 Vitrinite Reflectance
4.10.2.3 Conodont Color Alteration Index (CAI)
4.10.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material
4.10.4 Elastic Thermobarometer (QuiG)
4.10.5 Zirconium in Rutile Thermometer (ZiR)
4.11 Adding Time to Metamorphism
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Geothermobarometry Chun-Ming Wu
Further References and Recommended Reading
Metamorphism of Specific Rock Types
5 Metamorphism of Ultramafic Rocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ultramafic Rocks
5.2.1 Rock Types
5.2.2 Chemical Composition
5.3 Metamorphism in the MSH System
5.3.1 Chemographic Relations in the MSH System
5.3.2 Progressive Metamorphism of Maximum Hydrated Harzburgite
5.4 Metamorphism in the CMASH System
5.4.1 Progressive Metamorphism of Hydrated Al-Bearing Lherzolite
5.4.2 Effects of Rapid Decompression and Uplift Prior to Cooling
5.5 Isograds in Ultramafic Rocks
5.6 Mineral Assemblages in the Uppermost Mantle
5.7 Serpentinization of Peridotite
5.8 Ultramafic Rocks at High Temperature
5.9 Thermometry and Geobarometry in Ultramafic Rocks
5.10 Carbonate-Bearing Ultramafic Rocks
5.10.1 Metamorphism of Ophicarbonate Rocks
5.10.2 Soapstone, Sagvandite, Listvanite
5.11 Open System Reactions in Ultramafic Rocks
5.12 Potassium-Bearing Peridotites
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading and Recommended Literature
6 Metamorphism of Dolomites and Limestones
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Rocks
6.1.2 Minerals and Rock Composition
6.1.3 Chemographic Relationships
6.2 Orogenic Metamorphism of Siliceous Dolomite
6.2.1 Modal Evolution Model
6.3 Orogenic Metamorphism of Limestone
6.4 Contact Metamorphism of Dolomite
6.4.1 Modal Evolution Model
6.5 Contact Metamorphism of Limestone
6.6 Isograds and Zone Boundaries in Marbles
6.7 Metamorphic Reactions Along Isothermal Decompression Paths
6.8 Marbles Beyond the CMS-HC System
6.8.1 Fluorine
6.8.2 Aluminum
6.8.3 Potassium
6.8.4 Sodium
6.9 Marble Thermobarometry
6.9.1 Calcite-Dolomite Miscibility Gap
6.10 High-Pressure and Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism of Carbonate Rocks
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading and Additional References
7 Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks (Metapelites)
7.1 Metapelitic Rocks
7.2 Pelitic Sediments
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 Chemical Composition
7.2.3 Minerals in Claystone
7.3 Pre-metamorphic Changes in Pelitic Sediments
7.4 Intermediate-Pressure Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
7.4.1 Chemical Composition and Chemography
7.4.2 Mineral Assemblages at the Beginning of Metamorphism
7.4.3 The ASH System
7.4.4 Metamorphism in the FASH System
7.4.5 Reactions Involving Micas
7.4.6 Metamorphism in the KFMASH System (AFM System)
7.5 Low-Pressure Metamorphism of Pelites
7.5.1 FASH System
7.5.2 KFMASH System
7.6 High-Temperature Metamorphism of Pelites—Metapelitic Granulites
7.6.1 Cordierite-Garnet-Opx-Spinel-Olivine Equilibria
7.6.2 The Excess Quartz Condition
7.6.3 Partial Melting and Migmatite
7.6.4 More About Granulites
7.7 Metamorphism of Mg-Rich “Pelites”
7.8 High Pressure—Low Temperature Metamorphism of Pelites
7.9 Additional Components in Metapelites
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading and a Selection of Additional Literature
8 Metamorphism of Marls, Marlstones (Marlites)
8.1 Rock Composition and the Sedimentary Protoliths of Meta-marlstones
8.2 Orogenic Metamorphism of Kaolinite Marl
8.2.1 Prograde Metamorphism in the Pure CAS-HC System
8.2.2 The Effect of Sodium on Equilibria of the Pure CAS-HC System
8.2.3 External Control of Fluid Composition in CAS-HC Rocks During Orogenic Metamorphism
8.3 Orogenic Metamorphism of Illite Marl
8.3.1 The KCAS-HC System
8.4 Orogenic Metamorphism of Illite-Kaolinite Marl
8.5 Orogenic Metamorphism of Chlorite Marl
8.6 Orogenic Metamorphism of Illite-Chlorite Marl
8.7 Low Pressure Metamorphism of Marlstones
8.8 Various Additional Aspects and Extensions
8.8.1 Sounding Notes of Caution
8.8.2 Additional Minerals Occurring in Metamorphic Marlstones
References and Further Reading
Cited References
Further Reading and Additional References
9 Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks
9.1 Mafic Rocks
9.1.1 Hydration of Mafic Rocks
9.1.2 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Mafic Rocks
9.1.3 Chemographic Relationships and ACF Projection
9.2 Overview of Metamorphism of Mafic Rocks
9.2.1 Plagioclase in Mafic Rocks, Equilibria in the Labradorite System (NCASH System)
9.3 Subgreenschist Facies Metamorphism
9.3.1 General Aspects
9.3.2 Metamorphism in the CMASH and NCMASH Systems
9.3.3 Transition to Greenschist Facies
9.4 Greenschist Facies Metamorphism
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Mineralogical Changes Within the Greenschist Facies
9.4.2.1 Reactions Involving Micas
9.4.2.2 Garnet, Stilpnomelane and Carbonate
9.4.3 Greenschist-Amphibolite Facies Transition
9.5 Amphibolite Facies Metamorphism
9.5.1 Introduction
9.5.2 Mineral Adjustments Within the Amphibolite Facies
9.5.3 Low-Pressure Series Amphibolites
9.5.4 Amphibolite-Granulite Facies Transition
9.6 Granulite Facies and Mafic Granulites
9.7 Blueschist Facies Metamorphism
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Reactions and Assemblages
9.8 Eclogite Facies Metamorphism
9.8.1 Eclogites
9.8.2 Reactions and Assemblages
9.8.2.1 Amphibolite and Granulite to Eclogite Facies Transition
9.8.2.2 Reactions in Eclogites
9.8.3 Eclogite Facies in Gabbroic Rocks
9.8.3.1 Blueschist and Eclogite Facies Metamorphism of Olivine Gabbro
References
Cited References
Further Reading and Additional Literature
10 Metamorphism of Quartzofeldspathic Rocks
10.1 Quartzofeldspathic Rocks
10.2 Granitoid Rocks
10.2.1 General Aspects
10.2.2 The Microcline-Sanidine Isograd
10.2.3 Melting of Granite-Gneiss
10.2.4 Granite-Gneiss Derived from Oligoclase-Bearing Granite
10.2.5 Granite-Gneiss Derived from Biotite-Granite
10.2.5.1 Prehnite and Pumpellyite
10.2.5.2 Stilpnomelane
10.2.5.3 Spinel, Sapphirine, Osumilite
10.2.6 Eclogite and Blueschist Facies Granitoids
10.2.7 Migmatitic Granitoids and Charnockite
10.3 Metagraywacke
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Metamorphism of Metagraywacke (Metaspammitic) Composition
10.3.3 Orogenic Metamorphism of Metagraywacke
10.3.3.1 High-P Metamorphism of Graywacke
10.3.4 Contact Metamorphism of Metagraywacke and Metapsammite
References
Cited References
Further Reading and a Selection of Additional Literature
Appendix Used Abbreviations of Mineral Names