This book is designed to give the reader a solid understanding of the physics and instrumentation aspects of PET, including how PET data are collected and formed into an image. Topics include basic physics, detector technology used in modern PET scanners, data acquisition, and 3D reconstruction. A variety of modern PET imaging systems are also discussed, including those designed for clinical services and research, as well as small-animal imaging. Methods for evaluating the performance of these systems are also outlined. The book will interest nuclear medicine students, nuclear medicine physicians, and technologists.
Author(s): Michael E. Phelps
Edition: 1
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 136
CONTENTS......Page 5
Basic nuclear physics and positron emission......Page 8
Annihilation......Page 11
Positron range and noncolinearity......Page 15
Photoelectric interactions......Page 18
Compton scattering interactions......Page 19
Interaction cross-sections in various materials......Page 20
Scintillators......Page 23
Photomultiplier tubes......Page 25
Solid state photodetectors......Page 27
Block detector......Page 28
Continuous gamma camera detector......Page 31
Other scintillation detectors......Page 33
Other gamma ray detectors......Page 35
Coincidence detection......Page 38
PET camera: general concepts......Page 39
Types of events......Page 41
Resolution: coincidence response functions......Page 44
Sensitivity: detector and geometric efficiencies......Page 48
Data representation—the sinogram......Page 50
Two-dimensional data acquisition......Page 52
Three-dimensional data acquisition......Page 54
Data acquisition protocols......Page 56
DATA CORRECTION......Page 57
Normalization......Page 60
Attenuation correction......Page 62
Scatter correction......Page 69
Correction for random coincidences......Page 71
Dead time correction......Page 73
IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION......Page 76
Backprojection......Page 77
Analytic reconstruction: projection slice theorem and direct Fourier reconstruction......Page 78
Two-dimensional analytic reconstruction: filtered backprojection......Page 82
Limitations of filtered backprojection......Page 86
Three-dimensional analytic reconstruction......Page 88
Iterative reconstruction methods......Page 92
Calibration and region of interest analysis......Page 99
Image segmentation......Page 100
Image registration......Page 101
Partial volume effects......Page 103
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PET SYSTEMS......Page 107
Scatter fraction......Page 108
Sensitivity......Page 109
Count-rate performance and dead time......Page 111
Image uniformity......Page 112
High-performance dedicated clinical PET scanners......Page 113
Coincidence imaging on gamma cameras......Page 116
High-performance brain imaging systems......Page 117
Multimodality PET imaging......Page 118
Animal scanners......Page 120
Cited references......Page 124
C......Page 131
E......Page 132
I......Page 133
P......Page 134
S......Page 135
X......Page 136
