This is a textbook providing basic data about the crop pests and the damage they inflict throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Each major pest is illustrated by either a line drawing or a photograph, and sometimes the damage can also be seen. A world distribution map is provided for each species. Control measures tend to be general rather than very specific. Most of the pests are insects and mites, but some nematodes, molluscs, birds and mammals are included.
Author(s): Dennis S. Hill
Edition: 1
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 720
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 5
1. Introduction......Page 10
Ecology......Page 12
Agroecosystems......Page 13
Pest populations......Page 14
Insect pheromones in relation to pest control......Page 18
Insect feeding on plants......Page 21
Abundance and richness of insect (arthropod) faunas on host plants......Page 23
Insect (pest) distributions......Page 24
Pollination......Page 28
Definition of the term 'pest'......Page 30
Development of pest status......Page 32
Pest damage......Page 36
Economics of pest attack and control......Page 37
Forecasting pest attack......Page 38
Legislative methods......Page 41
Physical methods......Page 43
Cultural control......Page 48
Crop plant resistance to pest attack......Page 52
Biological control......Page 56
Chemical methods......Page 60
Integrated control......Page 63
Integrated pest management (IPM) (formerly pest management (PM))......Page 64
The present state of insect pest management......Page 65
Pest damage assessment and crop yields......Page 67
Types of pest damage to crop plants......Page 75
Damage to stored products......Page 86
Natural control......Page 89
Biological control......Page 90
Methods of pesticide application......Page 100
Equipment for application......Page 109
Pesticide recommendations......Page 113
Factors infl uencing pesticide effectiveness......Page 114
Considerations in pesticide use......Page 116
The more widely used insecticides and acaricides currently available for crop protection......Page 118
Some major pesticides in current or recent use......Page 119
Vertebrata......Page 121
Order rodentia......Page 123
Rat pests......Page 126
Other mammal pests......Page 132
Class aves (birds)......Page 133
Other vertebrata......Page 138
Mollusca pests......Page 139
Major nematode pests......Page 141
Orthoptera......Page 144
Isoptera......Page 159
Homoptera......Page 168
Heteroptera......Page 236
Thysanoptera......Page 261
Coleoptera......Page 273
Stored produce infestation control......Page 297
Diptera......Page 357
Lepidoptera......Page 386
Hymenoptera......Page 488
Acarina......Page 503
10. Major tropical crops and their pest spectra......Page 516
ALMOND (Prunus amygdalus – Rosacea)......Page 517
APPLE (Pyrus malus – Rosaceae)......Page 518
APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca – Rosaceae)......Page 520
AVOCADO (Persea americana – Lauraceae)......Page 521
BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris, etc. – Gramineae)......Page 522
BANANAS (Musa sapientum varieties – Musaceae)......Page 523
BEANS AND GRAMS (Phaseolus spp. – Leguminosae)......Page 525
BETEL PALM (Areca catechu – Palmae)......Page 528
BETEL-PEPPER (Piper betle – Piperaceae)......Page 529
BRASSICAS (Brassica spp. – Cruciferae) (Cabbage, Kale, Cauliflower, Mustards, Broccoli, Turnip, Brussels Sprout, Rape)......Page 530
BREADFRUIT (Artocarpus altilis – Moraceae)......Page 532
CAPSICUMS (Capsicum spp. – Solanaceae) (= Sweet Peppers and Chilli)......Page 533
CARDAMOM (Elettaria cardamomum – Zingiberaceae)......Page 535
CASHEW (Anacardium occidentale – Anacardiaceae)......Page 536
CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta – Euphorbiaceae) (= Manioc; Tapioca; Yuca)......Page 537
CASTOR (Ricinus communis – Euphorbiaceae)......Page 539
CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum – Leguminosae) (= Gram; Garbanzo Bean)......Page 541
CINCHONA (Cinchona spp. – Rubiaceae) (= Quinine)......Page 542
CINNAMON (Cinnamomum zeylandicum – Lauraceae)......Page 543
CITRUS (Citrus spp. – Rutaceae) (Orange, Lemon, Lime, Mandarin, Tangerine, Grapefruit, Pomelo)......Page 544
CLOVE (Eugenia caryophyllus – Myrtaceae) (= Syzygium aromaticum)......Page 547
COCOA (Theobroma cacao – Sterculiaceae)......Page 548
COCONUT (Cocos nucifera – Palmae)......Page 550
COCOYAM (Xanthosoma sagittifolium – Araceae) (= Tannia)......Page 552
COFFEE (Coffea arabica & C. robusta – Rubiaceae)......Page 553
COTTON (Gossypium spp. – Malvaceae)......Page 556
COWPEA (Vigna sinensis – Leguminosae)......Page 559
CUCURBITS (Marrow, Pumpkin, Melon, Watermelon, Squash, Cucumber, Loofah, etc – Cucurbitaceae)......Page 561
CUSTARD APPLE (Annona squamosa – Annonaceae) (= Sugar Apple; Sweetsop)......Page 563
DATE PALM (Phoenix dactyliferae – Palmae)......Page 564
DECCAN HEMP (Hibiscus cannabinus – Malvaceae) (= Kenaf, etc.)......Page 565
EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena – Solanaceae) (= Brinjal; fruit called Aubergine)......Page 566
FIG (Ficus carica – Moraceae)......Page 568
GINGER (Zingiber officinale – Zingiberaceae)......Page 570
GRAPEVINE (Vitus vinifera – Vitaceae)......Page 571
GRASS (Many species – Gramineae)......Page 573
GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea – Leguminosae)......Page 575
GUAVA (Psidium guajava – Myrtaceae)......Page 577
HEMP (Cannabis sativa — Cannabinaceae) (= Indian Hemp)......Page 579
HYACINTH BEAN (Lablab niger – Leguminosae) (= Dolichos lablab) (= Indian Bean; Bovanist Bean)......Page 580
JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus – Moraceae)......Page 581
JUJUBE (Zizyphus mauritiana – Rhamnaceae) (= Z. jujuba (L.) Lam. non Mill.) (= Indian Jujube; Ber)......Page 582
JUTE (Corchorus spp. – Tiliaceae)......Page 583
KAPOK (Ciba pentandra – Bombacaceae)......Page 584
KOLA (Cola spp. – Sterculiaceae) (= Kola-nut)......Page 585
LENTIL (Lens esculenta – Leguminosae)......Page 586
LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa – Compositae)......Page 587
LITCHI (Litchi chinensis – Sapindaceae) (=Lychee)......Page 588
LONGAN (Euphoria longana – Sapindaceae)......Page 589
LOQUAT (Eriobotrya japonica – Rosaceae)......Page 590
MACADAMIA (Macadamia ternifolia – Proteaceae) (= Queensland Nut)......Page 591
MAIZE (Zea mays – Gramineae) (= Sweet Corn, when unripe; Corn (in USA))......Page 592
MANGO (Mangifera indica – Anacardiaceae)......Page 595
MANILA HEMP (Musa textilis – Musaceae) (= Abaca)......Page 597
MILLETS (Gramineae) (Pennisetum typhoides – Bulrush (Pearl) Millet) (Panicum miliaceum – Common Millet) (Elusine coracana – Finger Millet) (Setaria italica – Foxtail Millet) etc......Page 598
MULBERRY (Morus spp. – Moraceae)......Page 600
NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans – Myristicaceae)......Page 601
OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis – Palmae)......Page 602
OKRA (Hibiscus esculentus – Malvaceae) (= Ladies' Fingers)......Page 604
OLIVE (Olea europaea – Oleaceae)......Page 606
ONIONS (Allium spp. – Amaryllidaceae) (Onions, Shallot, Garlic, Chives, Leek)......Page 607
OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum – Papaveraceae)......Page 608
PAPAYA (Carica papaya – Caricaceae) (= Pawpaw; Papita)......Page 609
PASSION FRUIT (Passiflora edulis – Passifloraceae) (P. quadrangularis) (= Grenadilla & Giant Granadilla)......Page 610
PEA (Pisum sativum – Leguminosae) \(Garden Pea; Field Pea)......Page 611
PEACH (Prunus persicae – Rosaceae)......Page 612
PECAN (Carya illinoensis – Juglandaceae) (Hickory Nut)......Page 613
PEPPER (Piper nigrum – Piperaceae)......Page 614
PIGEON PEA (Cajanus cajan – Leguminosae) (= Cajan Pea; Red Gram; Dhal; Tur)......Page 615
PINEAPPLE (Ananas cosmosus – Bromeliaceae)......Page 616
PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera – Anacardiaceae) (= Green Almond)......Page 617
PLUM (Prunus domestica – Rosaceae)......Page 618
POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum – Punicaceae)......Page 619
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum – Solanaceae) (= Irish Potato)......Page 620
PYRETHRUM (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium – Compositae)......Page 622
QUINCE (Cydonia oblonga – Rosaceae)......Page 623
RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum – Sapindaceae)......Page 624
RICE (Oryza sativa – Gramineae)......Page 625
ROSE APPLE (Eugenia jambos – Myrtaceae) (= Syzygium jambos)......Page 628
ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa – Malvaceae) (= Jamaican Sorrel; Rama)......Page 629
RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis – Euphorbiaceae)......Page 630
SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius – Compositae)......Page 631
SANN HEMP (Crotalaria juncea – Leguminosae) (= Sunn Hemp)......Page 632
SAPODILLA (Achras zapota – Sapotaceae) (= Chiku; Chikoo; Sapota)......Page 633
SESAME (Sesamum indicum – Pedaliaceae) (= Simsim; Til; Beniseed; Gingelly)......Page 634
SISAL (Agave sisalana – Agavaceae)......Page 635
SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor – Gramineae) (= Great Millet; Guinea Corn; Kaffir Corn; Durra; Milo; Jola)......Page 636
SOYBEAN (Glycine max – Leguminoseae) (= Soya Bean)......Page 638
SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum – Gramineae)......Page 640
SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus – Compositae)......Page 643
SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas – Convolvulaceae)......Page 644
TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica – Caesalpiniaceae)......Page 646
TARO (Colocasia esculenta – Araceae) (= Cocoyam; Dasheen)......Page 647
TEA (Thea sinensis – Theaceae) (= Camellia sinensis)......Page 648
TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum – Solanaceae)......Page 650
TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum – Solanaceae)......Page 652
TURMERIC (Curcuma domestica – Zingiberaceae) (= C. longa)......Page 654
VANILLA (Vanilla fragrans – Orchidaceae) (= V. planifolia)......Page 655
WALNUT (Juglans regia – Juglandaceae) (= English Walnut)......Page 656
WATERCRESS (Nasturtium officinale – Crucifereae)......Page 657
WHEAT (Triticum sativum – Gramineae) (including Barley and Oats)......Page 658
YAM (Dioscorea esculenta – Dioscoreaceae) & D. spp......Page 660
PEST OF SEEDLINGS AND GENERAL PESTS......Page 661
INSECT PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS......Page 663
11. General bibliography......Page 664
Additional references......Page 675
A. Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection......Page 676
B. Standard abbreviations......Page 681
A......Page 683
B......Page 685
C......Page 686
E......Page 690
F......Page 691
G......Page 692
H......Page 693
I......Page 694
L......Page 695
M......Page 696
N......Page 698
P......Page 699
R......Page 702
S......Page 703
T......Page 705
W......Page 707
Z......Page 708
