An increasing segment of the population is being reported to have some disability. Adding to this changing demography of the modern world is an almost explosive growth of ageing populations. These functionally impaired people navigate their way in a world which has specifically designed values obtained from a 35-year old male, which has a number of social consequences. The international contributors to this volume address a range of subject areas with accompanying functional impairments and provide some proven and possible solutions. Regardless of origin of the impairment, rehabilitation endeavours to restore the function to normal or as close to normal as can be expected. On the other hand, ergonomics enhances the functional capacity of people by optimizing the fit between the person and the object process. Therefore, a blend of these two disciplines will allow the development of strategies to enhance and optimize the functional ability of subnormal groups.This text covers: ageing; visual impairment; chronic heart disease; musculoskeletal disorders; vocational rehabilitation; mobility and clothing for the disabled. In addition it covers the areas of gait, slip, trips and falls, anthropometry and assistive technology.
Author(s): Shrawan Kumar
Edition: 1
Year: 1997
Language: English
Pages: 408
Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
List of Corresponding Authors......Page 11
1.2.1 The magnitude......Page 13
1.2.2 Aging and functional decline......Page 15
1.2.3 Effect of exercise on maintenance of function......Page 19
1.2.4.1 Activities of daily living......Page 20
1.2.4.2 Work ability......Page 22
1.2.5.1 Morphological changes......Page 23
1.2.5.2 Systemic changes......Page 24
1.2.5.3 Postural changes......Page 26
12.5.3 Arthrological changes......Page 27
1.3.1 The distribution and severity of disability......Page 28
1.3.2 Disability due to aging......Page 30
1.3.4 Disabilities......Page 32
1.3.4.2 Cardiovascular conditions......Page 33
1.3.4.3 Joint diseases......Page 36
1.4.1 Ergonomics as an enabler......Page 37
1.4.1.2 Implementation......Page 39
1.4.2 The role of ergonomics in rehabilitation......Page 41
1.4.2.1 Therapist-patient interface......Page 42
1.4.2.2 Patient-environment interface......Page 44
1.5 Conclusions......Page 46
References......Page 47
2.2 An overview of aging......Page 52
2.3 Three rules describing aging in the workplace......Page 56
2.4 Fluctuations in the levels of physiological functions with aging......Page 60
2.4.1.1 Physiological and psychological functions......Page 64
2.4.1.2 Stress mood and feelings of fatigue......Page 68
2.5 Attempting to estimate physiological age......Page 71
2.6 Support for middle- to old-aged workers in the workplace......Page 73
2.7 One method for promoting practical measures to cope with aging (with emphasis on task management)......Page 74
2.7.1 Inevitable aging phenomena: simple countermeasures for the example of visual functions......Page 75
work posture and transport of heavy loads .........Page 79
2.8 One ergonomic approach to the development of support equipment for aged workers......Page 84
References......Page 85
3.1 Introduction......Page 88
3.1.1 Definition of visual impairment......Page 89
3.2 Tactual pattern perception and spatial cognition in blind people......Page 90
3.2.1 Braille......Page 92
3.3 Pictures and graphics for blind people......Page 94
3.3.1 Linear perspective in blind people......Page 96
3.4 Auditory information displays......Page 100
3.5 Auditory versus tactile information display......Page 101
3.6.2 User controls......Page 102
3.6.3 Hybrid speech and non-speech codes......Page 103
3.8 ‘Analog’ audio displays......Page 104
3.8.2 Hybrid displays (auditory and tactile)......Page 105
3.9 Information displays for orientation and mobility......Page 106
3.10 Ergonomic considerations for low-vision aids......Page 107
3.11 Optical aids and devices......Page 108
3.12 Electronic magnification and image enhancement......Page 109
3.13 Contrast, lighting and environmental adaptations......Page 110
3.14 Conclusions......Page 112
References......Page 113
4.0 Introduction......Page 118
4.1.1 Prevalence of CHD survivors......Page 119
4.1.4 Legal matters......Page 120
4.2 Components of the cardiac rehabilitation program......Page 121
4.2.1 Inpatient rehabilitation (phase 1)......Page 122
4.2.2.1 Exercise testing......Page 125
4.2.2.2 Components of the exercise session......Page 129
4.2.2.3 Risk factor modification and secondary prevention......Page 134
4.3 Benefits of endurance training in coronary heart disease patients......Page 135
4.3.1 Functional capacity improvement......Page 136
4.3.2 Improvement in cardiac performance......Page 138
4.3.3 Psychological effects......Page 140
4.3.4 Symptomatic subjective changes......Page 141
4.3.7 Risk-factor reduction......Page 142
4.3.8 Risks of exercise training......Page 143
4.4 Future trends in cardiac rehabilitation......Page 144
References......Page 145
5.1 Introduction......Page 152
5.3 Ergonomic factors associated with musculoskeletal pain and discomfort......Page 153
5.3.1 Awkward working postures......Page 154
5.3.2 Forceful exertions......Page 155
5.3.3 Repetitive motions or prolonged activities......Page 156
5.3.5 Vibration......Page 157
5.3.8 Summary......Page 158
5.4 Treatment approaches in occupational rehabilitation......Page 159
5.5 Integration of ergonomics in occupational rehabilitation......Page 160
5.5.2.1 Brief history......Page 161
5.5.2.2 Ergonomic job analysis......Page 162
5.5.2.3 Ergonomic recommendations......Page 163
5.5.2.4 Follow-up......Page 164
5.5.3.1 Brief history......Page 165
5.5.3.2 Ergonomic job analysis......Page 166
5.5.3.3 Ergonomic recommendations......Page 167
5.5.4 Case study 3......Page 168
5.5.4.1 Ergonomic job analysis......Page 169
5.5.4.3 Follow-Up......Page 171
References......Page 172
6.1.1 Definition of work disability......Page 176
6.1.2 Demography of work disability population in the USA......Page 177
6.1.3 Types of work disabilities......Page 180
6.2.1 History and legal basis of vocational rehabilitation......Page 182
6.2.2.1 Eligibility determination services......Page 184
6.2.2.4 Physical and mental restoration services......Page 185
6.2.2.7 Rehabilitation technology services......Page 186
6.2.3 Vocational rehabilitation process......Page 187
6.3.1 Vocational rehabilitation ergonomics......Page 189
6.3.2 Pre-employment vocational rehabilitation......Page 191
6.3.2.1 Workstations for people with mobility impairments......Page 193
6.3.2.2 Ergonomic issues in the private transportation of people with disabilities......Page 194
6.3.2.3 Ergonomics of job placement......Page 197
6.4 Conclusions......Page 198
References......Page 199
7.1 Introduction......Page 201
7.2 The gait cycle......Page 202
7.3 Temporal gait parameters......Page 205
7.4 Anatomic terminology......Page 206
7.5 Kinematics......Page 207
7.6 Ground reaction forces......Page 210
7.7 Kinetics......Page 212
7.8.1 Neural control—central and peripheral......Page 214
7.8.2 Skeletal muscle and the motor neuron......Page 217
7.9 Electromyography......Page 221
7.10.1 Cine with manual digitization......Page 223
7.10.4 Automated motion tracking systems......Page 224
7.10.5 Marker systems......Page 225
7.10.6 Biomechanical modeling of gait data......Page 226
7.11 Conclusion......Page 227
References......Page 228
8.1 Introduction......Page 236
8.2.1 Reactive control of dynamic stability......Page 237
8.2.2 Proactive control of dynamic stability......Page 240
8.3 Implications for rehabilitation......Page 245
8.4 Implications for preventing slips and trips in the workplace......Page 247
References......Page 249
9.1.1 What is ergonomics?......Page 252
9.1.2. Ergonomics applied to assistive devices......Page 253
9.2.1 Quality control......Page 254
9.2.1.1 Selection process......Page 255
9.2.2 Manufacturing......Page 256
9.2.3 Financing issues......Page 257
9.3.2 Systems ergonomics—the global approach......Page 258
9.4.1 Wheel chair-related factors......Page 259
9.4.1.1 Coasting characteristics of the wheelchair......Page 260
9.4.1.2 Propulsion mechanism......Page 262
9.4.2 The wheelchair-user interface......Page 266
9.4.2.2 Shoulder-to-rim distance......Page 267
9.4.3.1 Exercise capacity......Page 268
9.4.3.2 Propulsion technique......Page 272
References......Page 285
10.1 An historical perspective on the development of wheelchairs......Page 293
10.2 Wheelchair user disability etiology......Page 295
10.3.1 Manual wheelchairs......Page 296
10.4 Wheelchair-fitting considerations......Page 297
10.4.1 User dimensions......Page 298
10.4.3 User skills......Page 299
10.4.4 Wheelchair properties adjustments......Page 300
10.5.1 Joysticks......Page 301
10.5.3 Switches......Page 302
10.5.4 Ultrasonic and infrared......Page 303
10.6.1 Cushions......Page 304
10.6.2 Custom seating......Page 305
10.7.2 Manual wheelchair-power wheelchair conversions......Page 306
10.8 Wheelchair-propulsion biomechanics......Page 307
10.8.1 Kinematics......Page 308
10.8.2.1 Static force measurement......Page 310
10.8.2.3 Measurement of force components at the pushrim......Page 311
10.9 Net joint forces and moments......Page 312
10.10 Overuse injuries related to wheelchair propulsion......Page 313
10.11 Wheel chair-related accidents and injuries......Page 317
References......Page 319
11.1 Background......Page 325
11.2 Evolution of the term ‘assistive technology’......Page 326
11.3 New and emerging technologies......Page 328
11.4 Who uses assistive technology?......Page 330
11.5 Legislation of assistive technology......Page 331
11.5.1 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990......Page 332
11.6 Service delivery systems......Page 333
11.7.1 Illustrations......Page 335
11.9 Examples of AT for augmenting communication......Page 337
11.10 Examples of AT (orthotics and prosthetics)......Page 338
11.11 Assistive technologies for aging individuals......Page 339
11.12 Waste in assistive technology remains a problem......Page 341
11.12.1 Key considerations for matching people and technology......Page 344
11.13 Promoting choice in selection......Page 345
11.13.1 Assessing the outcomes of AT service and device utilization......Page 350
11.13.1.2 How important is quality of life?......Page 353
11.14 Conclusion......Page 354
References......Page 355
12.1 Introduction......Page 357
12.2.1 Measuring methods......Page 358
12.2.2 Statistical methods......Page 366
12.3.1.1 Somatic characteristics of the disabled......Page 370
12.3.1.2 Methods of reach zones determination......Page 383
12.3.2.1 Assessment of physical development......Page 385
12.3.2.2 Methods of assessing rehabilitation progress......Page 389
References......Page 396
13.1 Introduction......Page 400
13.2.1 Representative population......Page 401
13.2.2 Body dimensions......Page 403
13.3.1 Body composition and strength......Page 408
13.3.2 Structural anthropometry......Page 409
13.4 Classification of disabled people......Page 411
13.5 Design applications for the disabled......Page 417
13.6 Lacunae in the application of anthropometry?......Page 418
References......Page 419
14.1.1 Today’s clothing market......Page 422
14.1.3 What has been done so far?......Page 423
14.2.1 User-oriented product development......Page 425
14.2.2 Soft systems methodology (SSM)......Page 426
14.3.1 Method......Page 427
14.3.2.1 Interviews with the users......Page 428
14.3.3 Functional and symbolic values of the clothing......Page 429
14.3.4 Shopping......Page 430
14.3.6 Changing the system in the future......Page 432
14.3.7 Interviews with manufacturers......Page 433
14.4.1 Use value......Page 434
14.4.3 New possibilities make room for new efforts......Page 435
14.5.2 IT provides new possibilities......Page 436
References......Page 437
Index......Page 439
