Personality And Data Protection Rights On The Internet: Brazilian And German Approaches

Contents
Editors and Contributors
Personality and Data Protection Rights on the Internet: Introduction
1 The Emergence of the Onlife World
2 Internet Regulation
3 Advancing Personality and Data Protection Rights
References
Privacy Protection in the World Wide Web—Legal Perspectives on Accomplishing a Mission Impossible
1 Introduction: Little v. Big or How to Accomplish a Mission Impossible
2 Spheres of the Public and the Private—Shades of Grey
3 Basic Topology: Multipolar Fundamental Rights Relations and the Protection of the Individual from Her/Himself and Other Private Actors
4 Privacy Protection Within the State—Constitutional Law Foundations of the General Right to Privacy
5 Privacy Protection Beyond the State—International Human Rights Guarantees Protecting the General Right to Privacy
5.1 Regional Human Rights Protection Systems—The ECHR
5.2 Universal Public Law and Human Rights Law
6 Conclusions—Including a Comparative Dimension
References
Personality Rights in Brazilian Data Protection Law: A Historical Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Personality Rights and the Role of European Legal Thinking in Brazilian Law
2.1 Legal Formants of Brazilian Private Law
2.2 The “Social Turn” in Brazilian Law: Instrumentalism and Authoritarianism
2.3 The First Attempts Toward a Brazilian Data Protection Law and the Fight Against a National Identification System
3 Personality and Data Protection Rights in a Fragmented Set of Legislation
3.1 The “Principle of Consent” in Fragmented Legislation
3.2 The Freedom of Information Act and the Marco Civil Da Internet
3.3 The Credit Reporting Law and “Rights of Control”
4 The General Data Protection Law of 2018
5 Conclusion
References
Realizing the Fundamental Right to Data Protection in a Digitized Society
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms and Objectives of Data Protection
3 Fundamental Rights as Subjective Rights and Objective Principles
3.1 Positive Obligations and Horizontal Effects
3.2 The Primacy of Legislation
3.3 The Multipolarity of Fundamental Rights Protection
4 Standards for Data Processing in the Digital Economy
4.1 Consent and Control
4.2 The Objectification of Interests
4.3 Transparency and Information Rights
4.4 Data Security
5 Conclusion
References
Surveillance and Data Protection Rights: Data Retention and Access to Telecommunications Data
1 Introduction
2 Normative Protection Against Surveillance
2.1 Contextualizing Surveillance
2.2 Protection Needs
2.3 Protected Interests and Corresponding Rights
3 Data Retention
4 Data Retention in the European Union and Its Member States—An Endless Story
4.1 EU Data Retention Directive and Subsequent Laws of Member States
4.2 Judgment of the FCC on German Data Retention Laws
4.3 Rulings of the ECJ
4.4 Current Situation of Data Retention
5 Developing Requirements for Surveillance in the Internet Age
6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Privacy Protection with Regard to (Tele-)Communications Surveillance and Data Retention
1 Introduction
2 Privacy is Under Permanent Surveillance, Arbitrary Surveillance that Threatens Human and Fundamental Rights
3 Democracy, Surveillance and Privacy
4 Privacy, Data Privacy and the Law 12,965/2014
5 Privacy, Data Retention, and Brazilian Legislation Issues
6 Conclusion
References
The Protection of Personality in the Digital Environment
1 Introduction
2 The Legal-Constitutional Framework and the Inference of a Fundamental Right to ‘be Forgotten’
2.1 Constitutional Foundations
2.2 Partial Legislative Expressions
3 The Right to ‘be Forgotten' and Its Acknowledgment and Protection by the Brazilian Superior Courts—Superior Court of Justice (SCJ) and the Controversial Decision of the Federal Supreme Court (FSC)
3.1 Decisions Involving a Right to Be Forgotten Outside the Internet Domains
3.2 The Right to Be Forgotten on the Internet from the Perspective of the SCJ
4 General and Critical Analysis of the Current State of the Recognition and Implementation of a Fundamental Right to Be Forgotten on the Internet in Brazil
4.1 Did the FSC Close the Door to the Right to be Forgotten?
4.2 The Controversy Around the Liability of Search Engine Providers and a Right to Deindexation
4.3 Aspects Related to the Criteria for the Application and Delimitation of the Content and Scope of the Right to Be Forgotten
4.4 Procedural Issues
5 Final Considerations and Open Issues
References
Forgetting as a Social Concept. Contextualizing the Right to Be Forgotten
1 Introduction
2 Forgetting and the Right to Be Forgotten in the Legal Discussion
3 Forgetting and the Right to Be Forgotten in the Discussion in the Social and Cultural Sciences
4 Regulatory Contexts of the Right(s) to Be Forgotten
4.1 The Rights to Be Forgotten on the Internet: Constitutional Dimension
4.2 The Right to Be Forgotten in Press Law
4.3 The Right to Be Forgotten in Data Protection Law
4.4 Reasons for More Restrictive Application of Data Protection Law
5 The Media Privilege as a Mechanism of Coordination
6 Application of the Media Privilege to New Media
6.1 Protected Interests in Data Protection Law and Press Law
6.2 Possible Criteria for the Interpretation of the Media Privilege
7 Conclusion
References
Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights: The Five Roles of Freedom of Expression
1 Introduction
2 Freedom of Expression: Basis for Protection
2.1 Freedom of Thought and Freedom of Expression
3 Freedom of Expression as a Foundation for the Regulation of Internet Use in Brazil
4 Freedom of Expression as a Principle for Regulating Internet Use in Brazil
4.1 Freedom of Expression and Its Protection in the United States
4.2 The Prohibition on Anonymity as Determined by Brazilian Law
4.3 Freedom of Expression and Anonymity on the Internet
4.4 The “Secret” Application Case
5 Freedom of Expression as a Condition for the Full Exercise of the Right to Internet Access
6 Freedom of Expression and Its Parameters for Internet Providers’ Liability
6.1 The Argentinean Precedent
6.2 Freedom of Expression and Liability as Provided by the Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights
7 Freedom of Expression and Copyright
8 Conclusion
References
Civil Rights Framework of the Internet (BCRFI; Marco Civil da Internet): Advance or Setback? Civil Liability for Damage Derived from Content Generated by Third Party
1 Introduction
2 Freedom of Expression in the Virtual Universe. Social Networks and Hate Speech. Technological Determinism and the Obligation of Law. Civil Liability for Damage Derived from Content Generated by Third Party
3 Position of Brazilian Case Law Prior to the Civil Rights Framework of the Internet. The Issue of Identification of a Third Party. The Importation of the Notice and Takedown
4 Article 19 of the Civil Rights Framework of the Internet: Obvious Setback. Entrenching of Protection. Neither Notice, nor Takedown. Importation or Misrepresentation?
5 Unconstitutionality of Article 19 of the Civil Rights Framework of the Internet. Violation of the Constitutional Guarantee of Full Reparation for Damages to Honor, Privacy and Image (Brazilian Constitution, Article 5, X). Violation of the Principle of Access to the Justice System (Brazilian Constitution, Article 5, XXXV). Failure to Observe Prohibition to Stepping Backwards (Ratchet Effect). Axiological Inversion
6 A Proposal for Salvation: Interpretation in Conformity with Article 5, X, of the Constitution of the Republic. Exegesis of Article 21 of the Civil Framework of the Internet. Identity of Reason. No Need for Judicial Notice
7 The Problem of Suppression. Other Remedies Applicable to the Virtual Environment: Unidentification, Appropriate Indexation, Contextualization. Right to Be Forgotten on the Internet
8 The Question of Own Content. The Nissim Ourfali Case and the Right to Repentance in the Posting of Own Content
9 Conclusion
References
Self-regulation in Online Content Platforms and the Protection of Personality Rights
1 Introduction
2 Classic Self-regulation and Self-regulation by Code
3 Personality Rights and the Boundaries of Self-regulation by Code
4 Conclusion
References
Regulating Intermediaries to Protect Personality Rights Online—The Case of the German NetzDG
1 Introduction
2 Personality Rights Risks Online
3 Approaches to Regulating Intermediaries
3.1 The German Network Enforcement Act
3.2 Revisions of the NetzDG in 2021
3.3 Critical Analysis
4 Towards a Human-Rights-Friendly Solution
4.1 Regulating Intermediaries
4.2 The Significance of Context as a Law and Technology Problem
4.3 Council of Europe Recommendation on the Roles and Responsibilities of Internet Intermediaries
5 Conclusions
References
Online Anonymity—The Achilles’-Heel of the Brazilian Marco Civil da Internet
1 Introduction
2 The Right to Privacy and Online Anonymity in Brazil
2.1 Marco Civil da Internet: The Magna Carta for the Digital World
2.2 Anonymity Before Brazilian Courts
3 Anonymity Under European Human Rights’ Law
4 The Value and Concept of Anonymity
4.1 Anonymity and the Right to Privacy
4.2 Anonymity and the Right to Life in Pakistan
4.3 Anonymity and Online Behavior
4.4 Challenges to Online Anonymity and the Need for a Broader Conceptualization
5 Conclusion
References
The Impact of Jurisdiction and Legislation on Standards of Anonymity on the Internet
1 Introduction
2 Developments in the Need for Anonymity and Its Endangerment
3 The Right to Informational Self-determination and the Right to Anonymity on the Internet
4 The Protection of Anonymous Statements as an Open Constitutional Issue
5 Two Guidelines for Interpretation: The Need for Protection of Vulnerable Individuals and the Personal Responsibility of the Fundamental Rights Holders
6 Proposed Solutions
7 Quis Iudicabit?
References
Digital Identity and the Problem of Digital Inheritance
1 General Context
2 Digital Identity
3 Digital Inheritance and the Posthumous Protection of Personality on the Internet
3.1 Problems and Approaches
3.2 On the Legal Regulation of Digital Inheritance in Brazil
4 Final Considerations
References
The Digital Estate in the Conflict Between the Right of Inheritance and the Protection of Personality Rights
1 Introduction
2 The Digital Estate
3 The Current State of Digital Estates in Germany: Decisions of the LG Berlin (17 December 2015), the KG Berlin (31 May 2017), and the Federal Court of Justice (12 July 2018)
4 Digital Estates as Part of the Right of Inheritance
4.1 The Right of Inheritance According to Article 14(1) s. 1 Alt. 2 GG
4.2 The Principle of Universal Succession
4.3 Consequences
5 Secrecy of Telecommunications and Data Protection of the Testator’s Communication Partners
5.1 Safeguarding the Secrecy of Telecommunications of the Testator’s Communication Partners
5.2 Data Protection of the Testator’s Communication Partners
6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Algorithms and Discrimination: The Case of Credit Scoring in Brazil
1 Introduction
2 Algorithms and Statistical Discrimination—Profiling, Ranking, and Scoring
2.1 Algorithms in the Data-driven Economy
2.2 Algorithmic Discrimination
3 Credit Scoring in Brazil—The Current State of the Discussion
3.1 Brazilian General Data Protection Act
3.2 The Consumer Protection Code and the Regulation of Consumer Databases
3.3 The Credit Information Act (Law 12.414 of 2011)
3.4 Judicial Decisions on Credit Scoring
3.5 The Reform of the Credit Information Act
4 The Way Forward—Challenges for Anti-Discrimination Policies in Credit Scoring
4.1 Algorithmic Discrimination and Governance
4.2 Regulating Credit Scoring and Algorithmic Discrimination
5 Final Considerations
References
Safeguarding Regional Data Protection Rights on the Global Internet—The European Approach Under the GDPR
1 Introduction
2 The Specific Challenges of Enforcing Data Protection Law
2.1 Alternative Approaches to Data Protection Governance
2.2 The Absence of a Global Legal Regime and the Dominance of the EU
3 The External Dimension of EU Data Protection Law in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice
4 The External Dimension of EU Data Protection Law Under the General Data Protection Regulation
4.1 Direct Extraterritorial Effect: The Marketplace Principle
4.2 Indirect Extraterritorial Effect: Adequacy and Beyond
5 Conclusion
References
Index