Performing Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS

COVER
......Page 1
PERFORMING DATA ANALYSIS USING IBM SPSS®......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 11
PART 1 | GETTING STARTED WITH IBM SPSS®......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 | INTRODUCTION TO IBM SPSS®......Page 16
1.2 BRIEF HISTORY......Page 17
1.3 TYPES OF IBM SPSS FILES AND FILE NAME EXTENSIONS......Page 18
2.3 A SAMPLE DATA SET......Page 19
2.4 THE VARIABLE VIEW DISPLAY......Page 21
2.5 ENTERING SPECIFICATIONS IN THE VARIABLE VIEW DISPLAY......Page 22
2.6 SAVING THE DATA FILE......Page 24
2.7 ENTERING SPECIFICATIONS IN THE DATA VIEW DISPLAY......Page 25
3.2 THE IMPORTING PROCESS......Page 29
PART 2 | OBTAINING, EDITING, AND SAVING STATISTICAL OUTPUT......Page 33
4.2 USING DIALOG WINDOWS TO SETUP THE ANALYSIS......Page 35
4.3 THE OUTPUT......Page 38
5.3 CHANGING THE WIDTH OF A COLUMN......Page 41
5.4 VIEWING MORE DECIMAL VALUES......Page 42
5.5 EDITING TEXT IN IBM SPSS OUTPUT FILES......Page 44
6.3 SAVING AN OUTPUT FILE IN OTHER FORMATS......Page 45
6.4 USING OPERATING SYSTEM UTILITIES TO COPY AN IBM SPSS TABLE TO A WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT......Page 48
6.5 USING THE COPY AND PASTE FUNCTIONS TO COPY AN IBM SPSS OUTPUT TABLE TO AWORD PROCESSING DOCUMENT......Page 49
PART 3 | MANIPULATING DATA......Page 51
7.3 SELECTING CASES......Page 53
8.2 THE GENERAL SPLITTING PROCESS......Page 59
8.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSES UNDER SPLIT FILE......Page 60
8.6 RESETTING THE DATA FILE......Page 62
9.2 ADDING CASES......Page 65
9.3 ADDING VARIABLES......Page 68
PART 4 | DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PROCEDURES......Page 71
10.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 73
10.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: CATEGORICAL VARIABLES......Page 74
10.5 ANALYSIS SETUP: QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES......Page 75
10.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES......Page 77
11.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 81
11.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 83
12.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 85
12.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 87
PART 5 | SIMPLE DATA TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 91
13.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 93
13.5 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ON ZNEONEURO......Page 94
13.6 OTHER STANDARD SCORES......Page 95
14.1 OVERVIEW......Page 97
14.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 98
14.4 FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS......Page 99
14.5 RECODING AN ORIGINAL VARIABLE USING RANGES......Page 100
14.7 RECODING AN ORIGINAL VARIABLE USING INDIVIDUAL VALUES......Page 103
15.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 111
15.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 112
16.2 COMPUTING AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION......Page 117
16.4 COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A SET OF VARIABLES......Page 119
16.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF COMPUTING THE MEAN OF A SET OF VARIABLES......Page 120
16.6 THE COMPUTATION PROCESS......Page 121
16.7 THE OUTCOME OF COMPUTING THE AFFILIATION SUBSCALE......Page 123
17.2 THE IBM SPSS® SYSTEM CLOCK......Page 125
17.3 DATE FORMATS......Page 126
17.4 THE DATE AND TIME WIZARD......Page 127
17.5 USING A DIFFERENT TIME REFERENT......Page 130
17.6 USING AGE IN A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS......Page 133
PART 6 | EVALUATING SCORE DISTRIBUTION ASSUMPTIONS......Page 135
18.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 137
18.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: SAMPLE AS AWHOLE......Page 138
18.5 ANALYSIS SETUP: CONSIDERING THE CATEGORICAL VARIABLE OF SEX......Page 140
18.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: CONSIDERING THE CATEGORICAL VARIABLE OF SEX......Page 141
19.2 THE MAHALANOBIS DISTANCE......Page 145
19.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: LINEAR REGRESSION......Page 146
19.6 STRATEGIES TO EXAMINE THE RESULTS......Page 148
20.1 OVERVIEW......Page 153
20.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: FREQUENCIES......Page 155
20.6 ANALYSIS SET UP: EXPLORE......Page 157
20.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: EXPLORE......Page 158
21.1 OVERVIEW......Page 161
21.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 162
21.7 ANALYSIS SETUP: LOG BASE 10 TRANSFORMATION......Page 163
21.8 ANALYSIS SETUP: REFLECTED INVERSE TRANSFORMATION......Page 164
21.9 ANALYSIS SETUP: FREQUENCIES OF ALL OF THE TRANSFORMED VARIABLES......Page 165
21.10 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 169
PART 7 | BIVARIATE CORRELATION......Page 171
22.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 173
22.3 ANALYSIS SETUP: CHECKING FOR LINEARITY......Page 174
22.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: CORRELATING A SINGLE PAIR OF VARIABLES......Page 175
22.7 CORRELATING SEVERAL PAIRS OF VARIABLES......Page 176
23.1 OVERVIEW......Page 179
23.4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE WITHOUT TIES......Page 180
23.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 181
23.8 ANALYSIS SETUP AND OUTPUT......Page 183
PART 8 | REGRESSING (PREDICTING) QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES......Page 185
24.1 OVERVIEW......Page 187
24.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 188
24.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 189
24.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 190
24.5 THE Y INTERCEPT ISSUE......Page 192
25.1 OVERVIEW......Page 195
25.4 OBTAINING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ON THE PREDICTOR VARIABLE......Page 196
25.5 COMPUTING THE CENTERED PREDICTOR VARIABLE......Page 197
25.7 ANALYSIS SETUP: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION USING BMI_CENTERED AS THE PREDICTOR......Page 199
25.8 ANALYSIS OUTPUT FROM BOTH REGRESSION ANALYSES......Page 200
26.1 OVERVIEW......Page 205
26.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 206
26.4 ANALYSIS SETUP: STANDARD METHOD......Page 207
26.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: STANDARD METHOD......Page 208
26.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: STEPWISE METHOD......Page 211
26.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: STEPWISE METHOD......Page 212
26.8 ANALYSIS SETUP: AUTOMATIC LINEAR MODELING......Page 214
26.9 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: AUTOMATIC LINEAR MODELING......Page 218
27.1 OVERVIEW......Page 225
27.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 226
27.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 228
28.1 OVERVIEW......Page 231
28.4 OBTAINING THE SCATTERPLOT......Page 232
28.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: LINEAR REGRESSION......Page 234
28.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: LINEAR REGRESSION......Page 236
29.1 OVERVIEW......Page 239
29.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 242
29.4 AGGREGATING THE OPTIMISM VARIABLE......Page 243
29.5 CENTERING THE LEVEL 2 optimism_groupmean VARIABLE......Page 245
29.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: UNCONDITIONAL MODEL......Page 246
29.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: UNCONDITIONAL MODEL......Page 248
29.8 ANALYSIS SETUP: MIXED LEVEL 1 MODEL......Page 251
29.9 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: MIXED LEVEL 1 MODEL......Page 252
29.10 ANALYSIS SETUP: MIXED LEVEL 2 MODEL......Page 255
29.11 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: MIXED LEVEL 2 MODEL......Page 256
29.13 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: HIERARCHICAL MODEL......Page 259
29.14 ANALYSIS SETUP: INTERACTION MODEL......Page 262
29.15 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: INTERACTION MODEL......Page 263
PART 9 | REGRESSING (PREDICTING) CATEGORICAL VARIABLES......Page 267
30.1 OVERVIEW......Page 269
30.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 270
30.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 273
31.1 OVERVIEW......Page 279
31.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 280
31.5 ROC ANALYSIS: SETUP......Page 281
31.6 ROC ANALYSIS: OUTPUT......Page 283
31.7 BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS: REVISED CLASSIFICATION CUTOFF......Page 285
32.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 287
32.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 288
32.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 289
PART 10 | SURVIVAL ANALYSIS......Page 295
33.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 297
33.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 298
33.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 301
34.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 303
34.4 ANALYSIS SETUP: COMPARING MALES AND FEMALES......Page 304
34.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: COMPARING MALES AND FEMALES......Page 305
34.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: COMPARING MALES AND FEMALES WITH STRATIFICATION......Page 308
34.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: COMPARING MALES AND FEMALES WITH STRATIFICATION......Page 309
35.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 315
35.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 316
35.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 318
PART 11 | RELIABILITY AS A GAUGE OF MEASUREMENT QUALITY......Page 323
36.1 OVERVIEW......Page 325
36.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 327
36.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 328
37.1 OVERVIEW......Page 333
37.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: ICC......Page 335
37.3 ANALYSIS SETUP: ICC......Page 336
37.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: ICC......Page 337
37.5 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: KAPPA......Page 338
37.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: KAPPA......Page 339
37.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: KAPPA......Page 340
PART 12 | ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE......Page 343
38.1 OVERVIEW OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS AND FACTOR ANALYSIS......Page 345
38.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 346
38.3 A STARTING PLACE......Page 347
38.4 ANALYSIS SETUP: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS......Page 348
38.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS......Page 349
38.7 ANALYSIS SETUP FOR THE FOUR-FACTOR STRUCTURE......Page 354
38.8 ANALYSIS OUTPUT FOR THE FOUR-COMPONENT/FACTOR STRUCTURE......Page 356
38.9 THE THREE-COMPONENT/FACTOR STRUCTURE......Page 362
38.10 DETERMINING WHICH SOLUTION TO ACCEPT......Page 364
39.1 OVERVIEW......Page 367
39.3 DRAWING THE MODEL......Page 369
39.4 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 377
39.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 380
39.6 ANALYSIS SETUP: MODIFIED MODEL......Page 387
39.7 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: MODIFIED MODEL......Page 392
PART 13 | EVALUATING CAUSAL (PREDICTIVE) MODELS......Page 393
40.1 OVERVIEW......Page 395
40.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 396
40.4 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE PREDICTING THE MEDIATOR VARIABLE......Page 397
40.5 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND THE MEDIATOR PREDICTING THE OUTCOME VARIABLE......Page 398
40.7 CONSOLIDATING THE RESULTS OF THE MEDIATION MODEL......Page 399
40.8 TESTING THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDIRECT EFFECT......Page 400
40.9 TESTING THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DIRECT PATHS IN THE UNMEDIATED AND THE MEDIATED MODELS......Page 401
40.10 DETERMINING THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THE MEDIATED EFFECT......Page 402
41.1 OVERVIEW......Page 403
41.5 THE ‘‘FLAT’’ MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS: OUTPUT......Page 405
41.6 PATH ANALYSIS USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION: ANALYSIS 1......Page 406
41.7 PATH ANALYSIS USING MULTIPLE REGRESSION: ANALYSIS 2......Page 408
41.9 ASSESSING THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDIRECT EFFECTS......Page 409
41.12 TESTING THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DIRECT PATHS IN THE UNMEDIATED AND THE MEDIATED MODELS......Page 410
42.1 OVERVIEW......Page 411
42.2 PATH ANALYSIS BASED ON SEM: DRAWING THE MODEL......Page 412
42.4 PATH ANALYSIS BASED ON SEM: ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 421
42.5 PATH ANALYSIS BASED ON SEM: MODIFIED MODEL OUTPUT......Page 427
43.1 OVERVIEW......Page 433
43.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 434
43.4 EVALUATING THE MEASUREMENT MODEL: DRAWING THE MODEL......Page 435
43.5 EVALUATING THE MEASUREMENT MODEL: ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 437
43.6 EVALUATING THE MEASUREMENT MODEL: ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 441
43.7 EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL: DRAWING THE MODEL......Page 445
43.8 EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL: ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 451
43.9 EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL: ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 455
43.10 EVALUATING THE STRUCTURAL MODEL: SYNTHESIS......Page 458
43.11 THE STRATEGY TO CONFIGURE AND ANALYZE A TRIMMED MODEL......Page 459
43.12 EXAMINING THE DIRECT EFFECT OF EFFICACY ON STATISTICS IN ISOLATION......Page 461
43.13 EXAMINING THE MEDIATED EFFECT OF EFFICACY ON STATISTICS THROUGH SCIENCE......Page 462
43.15 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDIRECT EFFECT: THE AROIAN TEST......Page 466
43.16 COMPARING THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF EFFICACY ON STATISTICS IN THE SIMPLE MODEL AND THE MEDIATED MODEL: THE FREEDMAN-SCHATZKIN TEST......Page 468
43.17 THE RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THE MEDIATED EFFECT......Page 470
PART 14 | t TEST......Page 471
44.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 473
44.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 474
44.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 475
45.1 OVERVIEW......Page 477
45.3 ANALYSIS SETUP: MEETING THE HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ASSUMPTION......Page 478
45.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: MEETING THE HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ASSUMPTION......Page 479
45.6 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: VIOLATING THE HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ASSUMPTION......Page 481
45.8 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: VIOLATING THE HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ASSUMPTION......Page 482
46.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 485
46.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 486
46.5 MAGNITUDE OF THE MEAN DIFFERENCE......Page 488
PART 15 | UNIVARIATE GROUP DIFFERENCES: ANOVA AND ANCOVA......Page 489
47.1 OVERVIEW......Page 491
47.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 492
47.4 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 493
47.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 494
48.1 OVERVIEW......Page 499
48.4 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 500
48.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 502
49.1 OVERVIEW......Page 507
49.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 508
49.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: ANOVA......Page 509
49.6 EVALUATING THE ANCOVA ASSUMPTIONS......Page 511
49.7 ANALYSIS SETUP: ANCOVA......Page 515
49.8 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: ANCOVA......Page 517
50.1 OVERVIEW......Page 521
50.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 522
50.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 523
50.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 528
50.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: SIMPLE EFFECTS TESTS......Page 531
51.1 OVERVIEW......Page 535
51.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 536
51.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 540
52.1 OVERVIEW......Page 545
52.4 RESTRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 547
52.5 ANALYSIS SETUP: AUTOREGRESSIVE COVARIANCE STRUCTURE......Page 557
52.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: AUTOREGRESSIVE COVARIANCE STRUCTURE......Page 561
52.7 ANALYSIS: COMPOUND SYMMETRY......Page 563
52.8 ANALYSIS: UNSTRUCTURED COVARIANCE......Page 566
53.1 OVERVIEW......Page 569
53.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 570
53.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 571
53.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 574
PART 16 | MULTIVARIATE GROUP DIFFERENCES: MANOVA AND DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS......Page 581
54.1 OVERVIEW......Page 583
54.4 ANALYSIS SETUP: MANOVA......Page 584
54.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: MANOVA......Page 587
55.1 OVERVIEW......Page 593
55.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 594
55.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 595
55.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 597
56.1 OVERVIEW......Page 605
56.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 607
56.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 610
PART 17 | MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING......Page 617
57.1 OVERVIEW......Page 619
57.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 620
57.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 622
58.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 627
58.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 628
58.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 630
PART 18 | CLUSTER ANALYSIS......Page 635
59.1 OVERVIEW......Page 637
59.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 638
59.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 640
60.1 OVERVIEW......Page 645
60.4 TRANSFORMING CLUSTER VARIABLES TO Z SCORES......Page 646
60.5 ANALYSIS SETUP: k -MEANS CLUSTERING......Page 647
60.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: k -MEANS CLUSTERING......Page 649
60.7 FOLLOW-UP ONE-WAY BETWEEN-SUBJECTS ANALYSIS......Page 651
60.9 ANALYSIS SETUP: ONE-WAY ANOVA......Page 652
60.10 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: ONE-WAY ANOVA......Page 653
PART 19 | NONPARAMETRIC PROCEDURES FOR ANALYZING FREQUENCY DATA......Page 657
61.1 OVERVIEW......Page 659
61.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 660
61.5 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 661
61.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 665
62.3 ANALYSIS STRATEGY......Page 669
62.6 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 670
62.7 ANALYSIS SETUP: COMPARISON OF CATEGORIES 1 AND 2......Page 673
62.9 ANALYSIS SETUP: COMPARISON OF CATEGORIES 1 AND 3......Page 674
62.10 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: COMPARISON OF CATEGORIES 1 AND 3......Page 675
62.11 ANALYSIS SETUP: COMPARISON OF CATEGORIES 2 AND 3......Page 676
62.12 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: COMPARISON OF CATEGORIES 2 AND 3......Page 678
63.1 OVERVIEW......Page 679
63.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 2 × 2 CHI-SQUARE......Page 681
63.4 ANALYSIS SETUP: 2 × 2 CHI-SQUARE......Page 682
63.5 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: 2 × 2 CHI-SQUARE......Page 684
63.7 ANALYSIS SETUP: 4 × 2 CHI-SQUARE......Page 686
63.8 ANALYSIS OUTPUT: 4 × 2 CHI-SQUARE......Page 687
64.1 OVERVIEW......Page 689
64.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 691
65.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 695
65.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 696
66.1 OVERVIEW......Page 703
66.3 ANALYSIS SETUP......Page 705
66.4 ANALYSIS OUTPUT......Page 706
66.5 THE NEXT STEPS......Page 711
APPENDIX | STATISTICS TABLES......Page 713
REFERENCES......Page 717
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 727
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 729