This book is about people who operate, maintain, design, research, and manage complex systems, ranging from air traffic control systems, process control plants and manufacturing facilities to industrial enterprises, government agencies and universities. The focus is on the nature of the work these types of people perform, as well as the human abilities and limitations that usually enable and sometimes hinder their work. In particular, this book addresses how to best enhance abilities and overcome limitations, as well as foster acceptance of the means to these ends.
Author(s): William B. Rouse
Edition: 1
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 472
People and Organizations......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 19
The Author......Page 21
1 The Path of Serendipity......Page 23
Early Serendipity......Page 24
Role of Serendipity......Page 25
Human-Centered Design......Page 27
Design Framework......Page 28
Design for Success......Page 30
Overview of Book......Page 31
Human Abilities......Page 32
Supporting Humans......Page 34
Levels of Understanding......Page 36
Serendipity Revisited......Page 37
References......Page 41
2 Estimation, Mental Models, and Teams......Page 43
Predictor Displays for Air Traffic......Page 44
Sources of Suboptimal Prediction......Page 46
Atmospheric Physics......Page 50
Stochastic Estimation Tasks......Page 51
Mental Models......Page 52
Fundamental Limits......Page 56
Group Decision Making......Page 60
Aegis Team Training......Page 62
Performing Arts Teams......Page 65
References......Page 69
Introduction......Page 73
Processes......Page 74
Queueing Processes......Page 75
Causes of Waiting......Page 76
Staffing Information Desks......Page 77
Selecting Acquisition Sources......Page 78
Allocating Resources Across Processes......Page 80
Networks......Page 82
Impact of Technology......Page 85
Data Collection......Page 86
Case Studies......Page 88
Libraries as Networks......Page 90
Forecasting Demands......Page 91
Conclusions......Page 94
References......Page 95
Multi-Tasking Decision Making......Page 99
Adaptive Aiding......Page 100
Detecting Attention Allocation......Page 101
Queueing Model of Multi-Task Performance......Page 102
Optimal Control Model of Multi-Task Performance......Page 104
Human-Computer Interaction in Dynamic Systems......Page 105
Adaptive Aiding Revisited......Page 106
Framework for Design......Page 108
Studies of Human Error......Page 113
Error Tolerant Systems......Page 117
Electronic Checklists......Page 120
Pilot’s Associate......Page 122
Conclusions......Page 127
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 131
Context-Free Simulations......Page 133
Network Size, Pacing, Aiding, and Training......Page 134
Feedback and Redundancy......Page 136
Complexity......Page 138
Context-Specific Simulation......Page 140
Cognitive Style......Page 143
Summary of Experiments......Page 144
Dynamic Process Plants......Page 146
Large-Scale Dynamic Networks......Page 152
Human Abilities, Limitations, and Inclinations......Page 156
Models of Detection and Diagnosis......Page 157
Initial Fuzzy Set Model......Page 158
Initial Rule-Based Model......Page 159
Fuzzy Rule-Based Model......Page 161
Rule-Based Model for Dynamic Processes......Page 162
Modeling Failure Detection......Page 164
Summary of Models......Page 165
Training......Page 167
Aiding......Page 170
Conclusions......Page 171
References......Page 172
Introduction......Page 177
Systems Engineering......Page 178
Human and Organizational Aspects......Page 179
Cost/Benefit Analysis......Page 180
Modeling Human Behavior and Performance......Page 187
Modeling Mental Workload......Page 189
System Design......Page 191
Human/Machine Interaction......Page 192
Displays and Controls......Page 194
Design of Aiding......Page 196
Design of Training......Page 201
Training vs. Aiding Tradeoffs......Page 202
Design Evaluation......Page 204
Process Control and Manufacturing......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 211
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 219
Information and Knowledge......Page 223
R&D Decision Making......Page 227
Design Decision Making......Page 229
Environment of Design......Page 231
Design Challenges......Page 232
Implications for Support......Page 233
Management Decision Making......Page 234
Strategic Management Tools......Page 236
Online Management Services......Page 240
Information and Knowledge Support......Page 242
Conclusions......Page 246
References......Page 247
Introduction......Page 251
Market and Product Models......Page 252
Utility Theory Models......Page 254
Quality Function Deployment......Page 257
Summary......Page 258
Product Planning Advisor......Page 259
Usage Guidelines......Page 261
Problem Representation......Page 264
Interpreting Results......Page 265
Typical Users of PPA......Page 267
Case Stories......Page 268
Facilitating Product Planning......Page 270
Objections and Responses......Page 271
Elements of Facilitation......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 274
References......Page 275
Invention vs. Innovation......Page 279
Technology and Innovation......Page 280
Purpose of R&D......Page 282
Multi-Stage Decision Processes......Page 283
Discounted Cash Flow......Page 285
Technology Options......Page 287
Estimating Input Data......Page 290
Calculating Option Values......Page 291
Example Calculations......Page 292
Technology Investment Advisor......Page 293
Case Stories......Page 296
Limitations and Extensions......Page 298
Value Streams and Networks......Page 300
R&D World......Page 304
Characterizing Value......Page 307
Assessing Value......Page 312
Managing Value......Page 313
Organizing for Value......Page 319
Technology Adoption......Page 324
Conclusions......Page 325
References......Page 326
Introduction......Page 333
Essential Challenges......Page 334
Situations and Stories......Page 338
Common Business Situations......Page 339
Situation Assessment Advisor......Page 348
Understanding Change......Page 350
Organizational Delusions......Page 352
Need-Beliefs-Perceptions......Page 356
Summary......Page 357
Organizational Simulation......Page 359
Architecture of Organizational Simulation......Page 360
Implications for Strategic Management......Page 362
Applications of Organizational Simulation......Page 365
Conclusions......Page 366
References......Page 368
Introduction......Page 373
Defining Transformation......Page 375
Role of Theory......Page 376
Context of Transformation......Page 377
Modeling the Enterprise......Page 379
Value Deficiencies Drive Transformation......Page 382
Work Processes Enable Transformation......Page 383
Management Decision Making......Page 385
Transformation Processes......Page 387
Summary of Theory......Page 388
Ends, Means and Scope of Transformation......Page 389
Value Deficiencies Drive Transformation......Page 390
Work Processes Enable Transformation......Page 391
Transportation......Page 393
Computing......Page 395
Contemporary Illustrations......Page 397
Implications for Research......Page 402
Transformation Methods and Tools......Page 403
Emerging Enterprise Technologies......Page 404
Organizational Simulation......Page 405
Investment Valuation......Page 406
Organizational Culture and Change......Page 407
Best Practices Research......Page 408
Summary......Page 409
Search Technology......Page 411
Georgia Tech......Page 413
Conclusions......Page 417
References......Page 420
Introduction......Page 429
Role of Serendipity......Page 430
Intersecting Perspectives......Page 431
Crossroads of Serendipity......Page 432
Current Crossroads......Page 433
The Legacy of Bologna......Page 434
Prospects for Academia......Page 435
Implications for a Flat World......Page 436
References......Page 438
Index......Page 441
