Ocular surface diseases in children have not always been well understood and the literature in this age group is limited. The consequences of misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis include visually significant scarring and amblyopia, thus with real impact on their quality of life and ultimate visual potential. Recently, there has been an increase in clinical and research focus on these diseases, contributing to a growing awareness of their importance to pediatric visual health.
This book is the first comprehensive volume dedicated to pediatric ocular surface diseases. It provides an up-to-date and highly illustrated discussion of the pathophysiology, symptomatology and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of these less commonly understood diseases, in a format that is readily absorbed by trainees and seasoned physicians alike. The aim of this book is to provide a practical and detailed understanding of ocular surface disease in the pediatric population, as many of these corneal conditions in children require unique therapeutic approaches and may have subtle presentations. Chapters will address key issues, such as dry eye disease, Steven Johnson Syndrome and neurotrophic keratitis, that can have a profound impact on children’s visual and social development.
Pediatric Ocular Surface Disease is a must-have resource for pediatric ophthalmology fellows, cornea fellows, pediatric ophthalmologists, and cornea specialists.
Author(s): Aisha Traish, Vivian Paraskevi Douglas
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 176
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Ocular Surface Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
The Eyelids (Palpebrae)
The Cornea
The Conjunctiva
The Sclera
The Tear Film
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Phlyctenular Disease, Ocular Rosacea, and the Role of the Eyelid Margin in Ocular Surface Diseases of Children
Introduction
Eyelid Margin Disease
Presentation
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Phlyctenular Disease
Pathophysiology
Presentation
Treatment
Childhood Rosacea
Presentation
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Allergic and Atopic Disease of the Pediatric Eye
Introduction
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Management
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Management
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Management
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Infectious Conjunctivitis in Children
Introduction
Background
Risk Factors and Prevention
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Overview
Presentation
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
Other Bacteria
Diagnosis
Treatment
Viral Conjunctivitis
Overview
Presentation
Adenovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Molluscum Contagiosum
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Overview
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Ocular Surface Lesions in Children
Introduction
Epithelial-Derived Conjunctival Tumors
Pterygium
Epithelial Inclusion Cyst
Papilloma
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Melanocytic Conjunctival Tumors
Nevus
Ocular Melanocytosis
Vascular Conjunctival Tumors
Capillary (Infantile) Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Pyogenic Granuloma
Choristomatous Tumors
Dermoid
Dermolipoma
Epibulbar Osseous Choristoma
Complex Choristoma
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Pediatric Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Dry Eye Disease
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
Peripheral Blood Versus Bone Marrow HSCT
Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Classification of GVHD
Ocular GVHD
Incidence
Risk Factors
Histopathology
Diagnostic Criteria for Ocular GVHD
Acute Ocular GVHD
Chronic Ocular GVHD
Non-GVHD Ocular Complications
Preventive Measures and Screening Strategies
Treatment Strategies
Acute Ocular GVHD
Chronic Ocular GVHD
Addressing Aqueous Tear Deficiency
Addressing Ocular Surface Inflammation
Addressing Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD)
Surgical Management of Ocular GVHD
Other Causes of Dry Eye in Pediatric Patients
Assessment of Dry Eyes in Children
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Ophthalmic Manifestations of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Mycoplasma Induced Rash and Mucositis in Children
Introduction
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Mycoplasma Induced Rash and Mucositis
Reactive/Recurrent Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruptions
Summary
References
Chapter 8: Pediatric Neurotrophic Keratopathy
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Cornea Nerve Structure and Function
Etiology of NK
Congenital Causes of Pediatric Neurotrophic Keratopathy
Acquired Causes of Pediatric Neurotrophic Keratopathy
Diagnostic Approaches in Pediatric NK
Clinical History and Symptoms
Ocular Examination
Cornea Sensation
Special Investigation
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy (IVCM)
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT)
Staging and Prognosis
Therapeutic Options and Challenges
Medical Treatment
Novel Medical Therapies
Emerging Medications: Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Surgical Treatment
Novel Intervention: Corneal Neurotization
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: The Role of Contact Lenses in the Management of Ocular Surface Disease in Children
Introduction
Bandage Contact Lenses
Contact Lens Materials
On-Label Versus Off-Label Usage
Fitting Considerations
Concurrent Treatments with Bandage Contact Lenses
Bandage Contact Lenses in Pediatric Patients: Current Literature
Contraindications
Scleral Lenses
Special Considerations
Training: Application and Removal
Techniques
Time Commitment
Training Family Members
Psychological Aspects of Insertion and Removal Training
Socioeconomic
Amblyopia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Surgical Rehabilitation of the Ocular Surface in Children
Introduction
Tarsorrhaphy
Indication
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Care and Complications
Corneal Gluing
Indication
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care and Complications
PTK (Phototherapeutic Keratectomy)
Indication
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care and Complications
Surgical Removal of Lesion
Indication
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Care and Complications
Amniotic Membrane Grafting
Indication
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Care and Complications
Corneal Patch Graft
Indication
Surgical Technique
Post-op Care and Complications
Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
Indication
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Care and Complications
Corneal Neurotization
Indication
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care and Complications
Conclusion
References
Index
