Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Reviewers
Chapter 1 Growth Assessment
Infant Growth
Childhood Growth
Adolescent Growth
Measurement of Growth
Weight
Length and Height
Head Circumference
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Additional Growth Measurements
Skinfold Thickness
Handgrip Strength
Interpreting Growth Measurements
Standard Growth Charts
WHO vs. CDC Growth Charts
Specialty Growth Charts
Z-Scores
Additional Growth Assessment Tools
Mid-Parental Height
Ideal Body Weight
Weight Age and Height Age
Diagnosis of Underweight and Overweight
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Performing a Head-to-Toe Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Examination of the Head and Face
Examination of the Upper Body
Examination of the Upper Back (Muscle)
Exam Tips for the Upper Back
Examination of the Ribs/Midaxillary Line (Fat)
Examination Tips for Ribs/Midaxillary Line
Examination of Lower Extremities (Muscle)
Examination of Lower Extremities (Fat)
Examination Tips for Lower Extremities
Examination for Nutrient Deficiencies
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Nutrition Screening and ADIME
Nutrition Screening
Pediatric Nutrition Screening Tools
Nutrition Assessment
Medical Diagnosis
Acute/Critical Illness
Typical Developmental Abilities
Food/Nutrition History
Typical Eating/Feeding Behaviors for Age
Nutrient Intake
Anthropometrics
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Biochemical Data/Tests/Procedures
Other Consideration in Nutrition Assessment
Medications and Side Effects
Gastrointestinal Considerations/Findings
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Energy
Protein
Fluids
Vitamins and Minerals
Nutrition Intervention in Pediatrics
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Fetal Development and Maternal Diet
Overview of Fetal Growth and Development
Fetal Development
Oral Feeding Skills
Maternal Nutrition Status and Impact on Fetal Development
Nutrition Assessment
Maternal Weight Gain
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Special Considerations
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Infant Nutrition
Stages of Infant Development and Expected Feeding Milestones
Human Milk
Energy
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrates
Micronutrients
Iron
Vitamin D
Vitamin B[sub(12)]
Benefits of Feeding Human Milk
Common Human Milk Feeding Issues
Expressed Human Milk
Infant Formula
Food Introduction
Baby-Led Weaning
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Nutrition in the Older Child
Toddlers
Preschoolers
Picky Eaters
Pediatric Feeding Disorder
School-Aged Children
Adolescents
Division of Feeding Responsibility
MyPlate
National School Lunch Program
Common Nutrients of Concern
Beverages
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Enteral and Parenteral Devices
Enteral Access Devices
Short-Term Enteral Access Devices
Long-Term Enteral Access Devices
Balloon Versus Non-Balloon Enteral Access Devices
High-Profile Versus Low-Profile Enteral Access Devices
Gastric Versus Trans-Pyloric Enteral Access Devices
Enteral Access Device Issues and Recommended Troubleshooting
Leakage at Gastrostomy Site
Granulation Tissue at Gastrostomy Site
Clogged Enteral Access Devices
Dislodgement of Enteral Access Devices
Parenteral Access Devices
Types of Central Lines and Indications for Each Type
Preventing Central Vascular Catheter infections
What Is the Difference between CRBSI and CLABSI?
Managing Central Venous Catheter Occlusion
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Enteral Nutrition
Indication and Administration of Enteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition Access
Administration
Formula Selection
Blenderized Tube Feedings
Initiation and Progression of Enteral Nutrition
Formula Safety
Enteral Nutrition in Infants
Enteral Nutrition in Children and Adolescents
Monitoring and Managing Complications
Advancing to Oral Feedings
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Parenteral Nutrition
Indications for PN
Timing of PN Initiation
Contraindications
Writing the PN Prescription
Fluids
Energy
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fat
Types of Lipid Injectable Emulsions
Electrolytes
Vitamin Preparations
Trace Elements
Other PN Additives
Carnitine
Heparin
Medications
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
Mechanical Complications
Metabolic Complications
Infectious Complications
Monitoring and Evaluation
Transitioning to Enteral or Oral Feedings
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Malnutrition
Impact of Malnutrition
Impacts on Linear Growth
Development
Other Consequences
Diagnosing Pediatric Malnutrition
Mechanisms of Malnutrition
Malnutrition Documentation
Other Diagnostic Considerations
Correcting Malnutrition
Nutrition Prescription
Infants
Children and Adolescents
Monitoring and Evaluation
Expected Weight Gain
Other Anthropometric Measurements
Long-Term Monitoring
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Care of the Hospitalized Child
Common Medical Conditions That Affect Nutrient Intake
Bronchiolitis
Acute Gastroenteritis
Surgical Patients
Initiating Feedings in the Hospital Setting
Oral Feeding Considerations
Enteral Feeding Considerations
Parenteral Nutrition Considerations
Nutrition Management of Hospitalized Children
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Nutrient Intake
Common Medications and Drug-Nutrient Interactions
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Oral Feedings
Enteral Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition
Nutrition Education
Laboratory Monitoring
Supplements
Other Specialty Referrals
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Care of the Premature and Ill Neonate
Common Medical Conditions That Affect Nutrient Intake
Initiating Feedings
Parenteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Oral Nutrition
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements and Growth Charts
Nutrient Intake
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Care of the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient
Metabolic Response to Stress
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Nutrition Delivery
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Patient-Specific Conditions
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Cardiac Disease
Anatomy, Physiology, and Relationship to Nutrition and Growth
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Food Allergy
IgE-Mediated Food Allergy
Oral Allergy Syndrome or Pollen Food Allergy Syndrome
Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergies
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis
Food Protein-Induced Enteropathy
Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases
Nutrition Management of Food Allergies
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 16 Gastrointestinal Disease
Common Gastrointestinal (GI) Diseases in Children
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Constipation
Chronic and Recurrent Diarrhea Secondary to Carbohydrate Malabsorption
Lactose Intolerance
Fructose Intolerance
Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency
Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Diet Therapies for IBD
Gastroparesis
Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome
Nutrition Management of GI Diseases
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Assessment of Elimination Diets
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Education
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 17 Intestinal Failure
Intestinal Adaptation
The Role of Nutrition in Management of Intestinal Failure
Non-Nutritional Management of Intestinal Failure
Medical Interventions
Surgical Interventions
Expected Clinical Course
Nutrition Management of Intestinal Failure
Nutrition Assessment
Anatomical Considerations
Anthropometric Measurements
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation
Intake/Output Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Enteral Nutrition
Oral Feeding
Parenteral Nutrition
Nutrition Education
Specialty Referrals
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Lab Monitoring
Symptom Monitoring
Bibliography
Chapter 18 Chronic Liver Disease
Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Biliary Atresia
Alagille Syndrome
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Other Pediatric Liver Diseases
Autoimmune Liver Disease – Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease (CFLD)
Glycogen Storage Disease
Wilson’s Disease
Acute Liver Failure
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency
Specific Diagnoses and Effect on Nutrition
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam (NFPE) Findings
Nutrient Intake
Laboratory Monitoring
Gastrointestinal Findings
Medications and Side Effects
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Cirrhosis
Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease
Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)
Wilson’s Disease
Acute Liver Failure
Post-Liver Transplantation
NAFLD
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 19 Cystic Fibrosis and Pancreatic Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis and Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Growth Charts
Nutrition Considerations for Specific Diagnoses
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Nutrient Intake
Laboratory Monitoring
Gastrointestinal Findings
Medications and Side Effects
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 20 Renal Disease
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Kidney Replacement Therapy
Chronic Dialysis
Kidney Transplantation
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrolithiasis
Renal Tubular Disorders
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometrics
Protein-Energy Wasting
Laboratory Assessment
Dietary Intake
Gastrointestinal Findings
Medications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Specific Diagnoses and Effects of Nutrition Intervention
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 21 Care of Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs
CYSHCN and Nutrition Care
Common Nutrition Issues
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) and CYSHCN
Nutrition Management for CYSHCN
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination
Anthropometrics
Condition-Specific Growth Charts
Obtaining Nutrition History
Laboratory Monitoring
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Prescription
Energy
Protein
Fluid
Micronutrients
Nutrition Intervention
Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy
Coordinating with the Multidisciplinary Team
Partnering with CYSHCN and Their Families
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Transition of Care
Ethical Considerations When Working with CSHCN
Discordance between Caregivers and the Dietitian
Growth Attenuation Therapy
End of Life Care/Alternate Goals of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 22 Adolescent Medicine
Eating Disorders
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Other Specified Feeding and/or Eating Disorder
Orthorexia
Sports Nutrition
Female Athlete Triad/ Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Diagnosis of Eating Disorders
Anthropometric Measurements and Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Laboratory Evaluation and Further Testing
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Treatment Options
Refeeding Syndrome
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Expected Course and Prognosis for Youth with Eating Disorders
Bibliography
Chapter 23 Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Pathophysiology and Presentation
Newborn Screening, Diagnosis, and Initiation of Treatment
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Anthropometric Measurements
Dietary and Laboratory Assessment
Social and Family Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Education
Other Specialty Referrals
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Phenylketonuria
Dietary Intervention at Diagnosis
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Nutrition Management
Medical Food
The PKU Diet
Diet during Illness
Nutrition Assessment
Medications
Large Neutral Amino Acids Transporters
Expected Clinical Course
Maternal PKU
Galactosemia
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Dietary Interventions at Diagnosis
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Medications
Expected Clinical Course
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Nutrition Management
Avoiding Fasting
Fat Content and Diet Composition
Nutrition during Acute Illness
Nutrition Assessment
New Therapies
Medications
Urea Cycle Disorders
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Expected Clinical Course
Nutrition Management
Treatment of Hyperammonemic Crisis
Long-Term Nutrition Management
Sick-Day Diet
Nutrition Assessment
Laboratory Monitoring
Glycogen Storage Disorders
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Expected Clinical Course
Nutrition Management
Infancy
Long-Term Dietary Management
Uncooked Cornstarch
Nutrition Assessment
Medical and Surgical Interventions
Laboratory Monitoring
Other Specialty Referrals
Bibliography
Chapter 24 Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Insipidus
Steroid-Induced Hyperglycemia
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Short Stature
Transgender Health
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription for Patients with Diabetes
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Diabetes
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Diabetes Insipidus
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Steroid-Induced Hyperglycemia
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Common Nutrition Interventions for Patients with Short Stature
Special Considerations for Transgender Patients
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 25 Obesity and Lipid Disorders
Pathophysiology
Increased Energy Consumption
Decreased Energy Expenditure
Psychosocial
Genetics
Hormones
Early-Life Risk Factors
Weight Stigma
Treatment of Obesity
Lifestyle Modification
Pharmacotherapy
Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Co-morbidities of Obesity
Hyperlipidemia
Acquired Hypertriglyceridemia
Other Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Assessment
Growth Chart
Nutrient Intake
Physical Activity/Screen Time Assessment
Sleep Patterns
Common Physical Exam and Laboratory Findings
Laboratory Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Follow-Up Frequency/Contact Time
Adherence
Anthropometrics
Bibliography
Chapter 26 Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation
Nutrition Management
Nutrition Screening
Nutrition Assessment
Treatment Types and Complications
Food-and Nutrition-Related History
Anthropometrics
Biochemical Data, Medical Tests, and Procedures
Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam
Medications
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Prescription
Common Nutrition Interventions
Hybrid Nutrition Support
Nutrition Education
Vitamins and Minerals
Coordination of Nutrition Care
Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Chapter 27 Restricted Diets
Vegetarian and Vegan Diets
Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet
Paleolithic Diet
Ketogenic Diet
Intermittent Fasting
Autoimmune Diet
Nutrition Management of Restricted Diets
Nutrition Assessment
Nutrition Diagnosis
Nutrition Intervention
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Bibliography
Appendix A: Standard Growth Charts
Appendix B: Tanner Staging
Appendix C: Reference Data for Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Appendix D: Common Nutrition Diagnoses Utilized for Pediatric Patients
Appendix E: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Infants, Children, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Appendix F: Example ADIME Notes
Index