This book aims to assist the reader in navigating the potentially complex decision-making process involved in selecting the most appropriate intervention for each particular scenario that may be encountered by the practitioner or surgeon in the growing patient with facial trauma. Among the topics covered are the initial management of both soft and bony trauma, including different types of fracture, as well as the management of complications and revision surgery. The discerning practitioner will learn how to provide the appropriate intervention at the appropriate time, by taking into account skeletal growth when matching techniques to the injuries more common in the skeletally immature patient. It is also emphasized that in some cases, no intervention is advisable owing to the possibility of damaging growth centers or introducing additional scar tissue that may impede future growth. Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma will provide key knowledge for surgeons treating growing patients, ensuring that their decisions to operate or delay intervention are evidence based.
Author(s): George M. Kushner, Lewis C. Jones
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 151
City: Cham
Contents
1: Growth and Development of the Maxillofacial Skeleton: An Overview
1.1 Background/Introduction
1.2 Epidemiology of Facial Fractures in Children
1.3 Developing Dentition
1.4 Alveolar Bone
1.5 Mandible
1.6 Maxilla
1.7 Paranasal Sinuses
1.8 Zygoma
1.9 Orbits
1.10 Summary/Conclusion
References
2: Pediatric Facial Trauma: Initial Assessment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Key Exam Points
2.3 Recognition and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
2.4 Summary of PECARN Findings
2.5 Recognition and Management of Specific Facial Trauma
2.6 Patterns of Child Abuse of the Face
2.7 Conclusion
References
3: Considerations in Pediatric Facial Trauma Populations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology, Economic Burden, and Disparities in Access to Care
3.3 Patterns of Injury
3.3.1 Bicycle-Related Trauma
3.3.2 Birth Trauma-Related Facial Injury
3.3.3 Pediatric Facial Burns
3.3.4 Fireworks
3.4 Legal Considerations/Child Abuse
3.5 Anatomy and Physiology of Pediatric Patients
3.6 Types of Fixation
3.7 Postoperative Management
3.8 Injury Prevention Strategies
3.9 Conclusion
References
4: Soft-Tissue Trauma in the Growing Patient
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background
4.3 Management/Techniques
4.3.1 Initial Evaluation and Early Management
4.3.2 Wound Management and Closure
4.3.3 General Care Considerations
4.3.4 Anatomic Zones
4.3.5 Special Injuries
4.4 Complications
4.4.1 Infection
4.4.2 Suboptimal Scarring
4.5 Controversies
4.5.1 Free Tissue Transfer in the Pediatric Patient
4.5.2 Absorbable Versus Permanent Skin Suture
4.5.3 Tissue Adhesives
4.5.4 Topical Wound Therapy
4.6 Conclusions
References
5: Dog Bites in Children
5.1 Introduction: Scope of the Problem
5.2 Epidemiology
5.3 Provocation
5.4 Children at Risk
5.5 Bacteriology of Dog Bites
5.6 Rabies
5.7 Initial Management
5.8 Antibiotics
5.9 Wound Care in the ER
5.10 Operative Management
5.10.1 Principles
5.10.2 Avulsion Defects
5.10.3 Nerves and Ducts
5.10.4 Lips
5.10.5 Nasal
5.10.6 Ears
5.10.7 Neck
5.11 Psychological Implications
5.12 Legislation
5.13 Prevention
5.14 Summary
References
6: Management of Dental Trauma
6.1 History
6.2 Etiology and Incidence
6.3 History and Physical Exam
6.4 Classification of Traumatic Injuries to Teeth and Supporting Structures
6.5 Treatment of Dentoalveolar Injuries
6.5.1 Primary Dentition Injuries
6.5.1.1 Injuries to the Dental Hard Tissue and Pulp
Crown Infraction
Crown Fractures
Uncomplicated Crown Fractures
Complicated Crown Fractures
Crown-Root Fractures
Root Fractures
6.5.1.2 Injuries to the Periodontium
Concussion
Subluxation
Lateral Luxation
Intrusion
Extrusion
Avulsion
6.5.2 Permanent Dentition Injuries
6.5.2.1 Injuries to the Dental Hard Tissue and the Pulp
Crown Infarction
Crown Fractures
Uncomplicated Crown Fractures
Complicated Crown Fractures
Crown-Root Fractures
Root Fractures
Alveolar Fractures
6.5.2.2 Injuries to the Periodontium
Concussion
Subluxation
Extrusion and Lateral Luxation
Intrusion
Avulsion
6.5.3 Treatment of Trauma to the Gingiva and Alveolar Mucosa
6.5.3.1 Abrasion
6.5.3.2 Contusion
6.5.3.3 Laceration
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Pediatric Mandible Fractures
7.1 Background
7.2 Treatment of Pediatric Mandible Fractures
7.3 Complications in Managing Pediatric Mandible Fractures
7.4 Conclusion
References
8: Pediatric Maxillary and Zygomatic Fractures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Midface Growth
8.3 Maxillary Fractures
8.3.1 Background
8.3.1.1 Anatomy
8.3.2 Diagnosis
8.3.2.1 History and Physical Exam
8.3.2.2 Imaging
8.3.2.3 Classification
8.3.3 Treatment
8.3.3.1 Nonsurgical Management
8.3.3.2 Surgical Management
8.3.3.3 Fixation Systems
8.3.4 Complications
8.4 Zygomatic Fractures
8.4.1 Background
8.4.1.1 Anatomy
8.4.1.2 Classification
8.4.2 Diagnosis
8.4.2.1 History and Physical
8.4.2.2 Imaging
8.4.3 Treatment
8.4.3.1 Conservative (Nonsurgical) Treatment
8.4.3.2 Fracture Reduction Without Fixation
8.4.3.3 Open Reduction Internal Fixation
8.4.4 Complications
8.5 Conclusions
References
9: Management of Pediatric Nasal and Orbit Fractures
9.1 Pediatric Nasal Fractures
9.2 Pediatric Orbit Fractures
9.3 Conclusions
References
