Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Introduction to Pediatric Endocrinology: The Endocrine System
Further Reading
2: The Evaluation of a Child or Adolescent with Possible Endocrine Disease
The Medical History
Physical Examination
3: Disorders of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
Physiology
Circadian and Diurnal Rhythms
Pathology
Central Nervous System Tumors
Craniopharyngioma
Germinomas
Pituitary Adenomas
Prolactinoma
Other Central Nervous System Disorders
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Postinfectious Inflammatory Lesions of the Central Nervous System, Vascular Abnormalities, and Head Trauma
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
Irradiation of the Central Nervous System for the Treatment of Childhood Cancer
Developmental Defects of the Midline
Genetic Etiologies of Hypopituitary Dwarfism
CNS Effects of Birth Trauma
Further Reading
4: The Posterior Pituitary Gland and Disorders of Vasopressin Metabolism
Normal Vasopressin Physiology
Disorders of Vasopressin Secretion and Action
Diabetes Insipidus
Central Diabetes Insipidus
The Triphasic Response After Surgery for Craniopharyngioma
Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus
Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Treatment of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Hyponatremia Due to Salt Wasting
The Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
The Treatment of Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
Cerebral Salt Wasting
Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
Other Causes of Hyponatremia
Further Reading
5: Disorders of Growth
Measurement of Growth
Body Proportions
Bone Age
Endocrine Factors in Prenatal Growth
Smoking
Illness
Twins
Parent Height
Endocrine Factors in Postnatal Growth
Growth Hormone
Insulin-Like Growth Factor or IGF
Thyroid Hormone
Sex Steroids
Glucocorticoids
Insulin
Genetic Influences on Growth
Nutrition and Growth
Chronic Disease and Growth
Psychological Influences on Growth
Epidermal Growth Factor
Erythropoietin
Oncogenes
Dental Development
Abnormalities of Growth
Short Stature
Diagnosis of Short Stature
Nonendocrine Causes of Short Stature
Constitutional Delay in Growth
Familial (Genetic) Short Stature
Idiopathic Short Stature
Small for Gestational Age
The Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease
Syndromes of Short Stature
Turner Syndrome and SHOX Mutation
Leri–Weill Dyschondrosteosis
Noonan Syndrome
Russell–Silver Dwarfism Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Syndromes of Obesity and Short Stature
Prader–Willi Syndrome
Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
Miscellaneous Syndromes
Skeletal Dysplasias
Achondroplasia
Growth and Attention-Deficit Disorder
Chronic Disease and Malnutrition
Endocrine Causes of Short Stature
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Congenital Growth Hormone Deficiency
Isolated GH Deficiency
Combined Pituitary Defects
Other Causes of Absence of GH Function
Acquired GH Deficiency
Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Tumors
Craniopharyngiomas
Other Conditions
Psychosocial Dwarfism
Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency (Fig. 5.12)
Growth Hormone Treatment of GH Deficiency and Other Disorders Approved for GH Treatment
Other Endocrine Disorders
Other Endocrine or Syndromic Conditions
Hypothyroidism
Cushing Syndrome
Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy/Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Rickets
Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnosis of Short Stature
History and Physical Examination
Laboratory Exam
Tall Stature
Nonendocrine Causes of Tall Stature
Endocrine Etiologies of Tall Stature
Diagnosis and Treatment of Tall Stature
Further Reading
6: Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Normal Thyroid Physiology and Anatomy
Neurotransmitter Control of TSH
Thyroid Hormone Production
Fetal Thyroid Development and the Newborn
Laboratory Evaluation of Thyroid Function
Imaging of the Thyroid
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
Anatomical Congenital Hypothyroidism
Biochemical Congenital Hypothyroidism
Hypothalamic–Pituitary Abnormalities Causing Congenital Hypothyroidism
Thyroid-Binding Globulin Mutations
Consumptive Hypothyroidism
Down Syndrome and Congenital Hypothyroidism
Exogenous Agents Administered to the Mother
Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism and Variants
Maternal Conditions and Treatment Affecting the Fetus and Newborn
Management of a Positive Neonatal Screen
Acquired Hypothyroidism
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Other Causes for Acquired Hypothyroidism
Euthyroid Sick or Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism
Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Neonatal Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism in Older Children
Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
Medication
Definitive Therapy
Surgery
Radioactive iodine (131I; RAI) Therapy
Other Forms of Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Storm
Thyroid Hormone Overdose
Thyroid Neoplasms
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid (MCT)
Epithelial-Derived Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC)
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary Carcinoma
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma
Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma
Surgery
Radiation
Painful Thyroid Glands
Further Reading
7: Disorders of Calcium Metabolism and Bone
Calcium Metabolism
Storage and Absorption of Calcium
The Calcium-Sensing Receptor
Phosphate
Magnesium
Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Vitamin D and Its Metabolites (Fig. 7.1)
Calcitonin
Alkaline Phosphatase
Hypocalcemia (Fig. 7.2)
Hypocalcemia in the Infant
Early Neonatal Hypocalcemia
Late Neonatal Hypocalcemia
Diagnosis of Infantile Hypocalcemia
Treatment of Newborns with Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia in the Child and Adolescent
Hypoparathyroidism
Other Forms of Acquired Hypoparathyroidism
The Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism
Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Disorder of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor
Hyperventilation Tetany
Magnesium Deficiency and Magnesium Excess
Hyperphosphatemia
Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia After Infancy
Normal Bone Growth
Vitamin D and Calcium Deficiency and Bone
Rickets (Table 7.2)
Nutritional Rickets
Hepatocellular Rickets
Renal Osteodystrophy
Anticonvulsant-Associated Rickets or Hypocalcemia
Osteopenia and Rickets of Prematurity
Genetic Causes of Rickets
Defects in Vitamin D Production or Action
Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Diagnosis of Rickets
Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency (Table 7.3)
Hypercalcemia
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Other Endocrine Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia
Drug-Induced Hypercalcemia
Milk–Alkali Syndrome and Hypercalcemia of Renal Insufficiency
Granulomatous Disease
Immobilization Hypercalcemia
Williams Syndrome
Fat Necrosis
Evaluation of Hypercalcemia
Treatment of Hypercalcemia
Low Bone Mass in Pediatrics
Osteopenia of the Premature Infant
Discussed Above
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Increased Bone Mass: Osteopetrosis
Nonaccidental Bone Injuries
Aluminum Toxicity
Further Reading
8: Differences (Disorders) of Sexual Development (Differentiation)
Normal Sexual Differentiation
Genotype
Gonadal Sex
Phenotypic Sex
Social Gender
Differences/Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
46, XX DSD: Conditions Causing Genetic Females to Become Virilized
Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Diagnosis of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Treatment of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Nonclassical CAH Treatment
Fertility in CAH
11-Hydroxylase Deficiency
3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Maternal Sex Steroid Ingestion or Androgen-Producing Conditions
Other Causes of 46, XX DSD
P450-Oxidoreductase Deficiency
Aromatase Deficiency and Estrogen Receptor Deficiency
Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser Syndrome
46, XY DSD: Disorders Causing Inadequate Virilization of a Genetic Male
46, XY DSD with Enzymatic Deficiencies Involving the Gonads and the Adrenal Glands
Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome
StAR Deficiency
3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency
46, XY DSD with Other Enzyme Deficiencies Involving the Testes But Not the Adrenal Gland
17,20-Lyase or Desmolase Deficiency
17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3
46, XY DSD with Disorders of Androgen Action 46, XY DSD: Disorders Causing Inadequate Virilization of a Genetic Male
5α-Reductase Deficiency
Androgen Insensitivity
Unresponsiveness to hCG and LH
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
46, XX Testicular DSD
Anorchia or the Testicular Regression Syndrome
Penile Agenesis
Gonadal DSD
Ovotesticular DSD
46, XY Complete Gonadal Dysgenesis
46, XX Gonadal Dysgenesis
Endocrine Disruptors
The Diagnosis of Differences/Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Treatment of Differences/Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
The Decision of Sex of Rearing
Multidisciplinary Team Management
Youth with Gender Dysphoria
Further Reading
9: Disorders of Puberty
Introduction
Normal Pubertal Development
Physical Development (Fig. 9.1)
Age at Onset of Attainment of Pubertal Stages and Duration
The Pubertal Growth Spurt
Skeletal Development
Bone Mineral Density
The Endocrine Changes of Puberty
The Development of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Gonadarche (Fig. 9.2a)
Spermarche
Adrenarche
Pediatric Sex Steroid and Gonadotropin/Assays
Ovulation and Menarche
Anovulatory Periods
Excessive Anovulatory Bleeding or Previously “Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding”
Miscellaneous Metabolic Changes
Abnormalities of Puberty
Delayed Puberty
Constitutional Delay in Growth and Puberty (CDP) (see Chap. 5)
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Fig. 9.2b)
Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Kallmann Syndrome (KS)
Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (Panhypopituitarism)
Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Tumors
Craniopharyngiomas
Intrasellar Tumors
Other CNS Tumors
Miscellaneous CNS Disorders
Congenital Defects of the Central Nervous System Leading to Combined Pituitary Hormone (CPHD) (see Chap. 3)
Septo-optic Dysplasia
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Following Irradiation
Autoimmune or Lymphocytic Hypophysitis
Syndromes Associated with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Prader–Willi Syndrome
Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
Weight Loss and Chronic Disease
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
The Female Athlete Triad: RED-S
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Miscellaneous Causes of Delayed Puberty or Amenorrhea
Hypothyroidism
Substance Abuse
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Fig. 9.2c)
Disorders of the Ovaries
Turner Syndrome
Other Forms of Primary Ovarian Failure
Fragile X Associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI)
Infectious Oophoritis
Primary Amenorrhea Associated with Normal Secondary Sexual Development
46,XY and XX DSD
Disorders of the Testes
Klinefelter Syndrome
46,XY DSD
Noonan Syndrome
Radiation and Chemotherapy Damage
Anorchia and Cryptorchidism
Orchitis
Differential Diagnosis of Delayed Puberty (Fig. 9.3)
Secondary Amenorrhea
Treatment of Delayed Puberty
Sexual Precocity (Table 9.5)
Central (Complete or True) Precocious Puberty (Fig. 9.4a)
Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty
MKRN3
DLK1
Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Kisspeptin Axis
Central Nervous System Disorders
Hamartomas
Other Causes of CPP
Syndromes of Precocious Puberty
Peripheral Precocious Puberty and Exogenous Sex Steroids (Fig. 9.4b)
Girls
Boys
Boys and Girls
Contrasexual Precocity: Feminization in Boys and Virilization in Girls
Boys
Aromatase Excess Syndrome
Feminizing Testicular Tumors
Girls
Adrenal Causes of Virilization
Syndrome of Glucocorticoid Resistance
Virilizing Ovarian Tumors
Virilizing Adrenal Tumors
Endocrine Disruption in Puberty
Variations of Early Pubertal Development
Premature Thelarche
Premature Adrenarche
Gynecomastia
Macroorchidism
Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty
Treatment of Precocious Puberty
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Hyperinsulinism and Virilization
Hormonal Contraception
Further Reading
10: Disorders of the Adrenal Gland
Normal Adrenal Gland Physiology
Measurement of Steroids
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Hypoadrenal States
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison Disease (Fig. 10.3)
Autoimmune Polyglandular Endocrinopathy
IPEX Syndrome
Wolman Disease
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia or AHC
Miscellaneous
Secondary or Tertiary Adrenal Insufficiency (Fig. 10.4)
Congenital Unresponsiveness to ACTH
CNS Tumors
Congenital Defects of Pituitary Development
Miscellaneous
ACTH Suppression Due to Exogenous Glucocorticoid Therapy
Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency
Diagnosis of Hypoadrenal States
Treatment of Hypoadrenal States
Suppression of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis by Exogenous Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid Withdrawal
Aldosterone Insufficiency or Resistance
Adrenal Calcifications
Hyperadrenal States
Cushing Syndrome
Cushing Disease: Hypercortisolism due to Increased ACTH Secretion (Fig. 10.5)
Cushing Syndrome due to Autonomous Cortisol Secretion (Fig. 10.6)
Nodular Adrenal Hyperplasia or Adrenal Tumors
Ectopic ACTH Secretion
Differential Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome/Disease
Treatment of Cushing Syndrome
Adrenal Cortical Adenomas and Carcinomas
Hypertension Due to Adrenal Disease
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Hypertensive Conditions Treated with Glucocorticoids: Glucocorticoid Remediable Aldosteronism
Familial Glucocorticoid Resistance
Bartter Syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome
Adrenal Medulla
Normal Physiology
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Neuroblastoma
Further Reading
11: Diabetes Mellitus
The Hormones Involved in Diabetes
Pancreatic Development
Insulin Biosynthesis and Action
Amlyn
Glucagon
Other GI Hormones
Incretins
GIP
Ghrelin
Leptin
Somatostatin
Adiponectin
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Pancreatic Polypeptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
Serotonin
Gastrin
Chromogranin A
The Fed State
The Fasting State
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Clinical Presentation of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Monitoring and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Table 11.4)
Onset Without DKA
Transitioning to the Long-Term Management of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Dietary Management
Preparation for Discharge
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
Home Measurement by Glucometer
Limitations of Home Glucose Monitoring
Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Subcutaneous Insulin Management
Two Dose Per Day Regimen
Multiple Dose Injection Regimen
Time of Action of Insulin on Multiple Dose Injection Scheme (Tables 11.6)
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII): The Insulin Pump
Long-Term Management
Glycosylated Hemoglobin or Hemoglobin A1c (Table 11.3)
Glucose Toxicity and The Honeymoon Period
Sick Day Management
Hypoglycemia
Exercise
Somogyi Phenomenon
Dawn Phenomenon
Surgery and Diabetes
Diabetes Team Management and Outpatient Followup
Long-Term Complications
Depression and Quality of Life
Transition to Adult Care
Neonatal Diabetes
Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Prediabetes
Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Prediabestes
Nonketotic Hyperosmotic Coma
Comorbidities of Type 2 Diabetes
Other Forms of Insulin Resistance
Diabetes Related to Medication and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Iatrogenic or Other Acquired Forms of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Wolfram Syndrome
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Young or Monogenic Diabetes (Table 11.9)
Mitochondrial Disease and Diabetes
Summary
Further Reading
12: Hypoglycemia
Normal Carbohydrate Metabolism
Fed State
Fasting State
Glucose Regulatory Factors
Transition of the Fetus to Neonatal Life
Hypoglycemia (Table 12.1)
Hypoglycemia in the Newborn
Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia in the Newborn
Defects in Gluconeogenesis in the Newborn
Hypoglycemia in Older Children
Hyperinsulinism
Hypoglycemia with Ketosis
Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia
Critical Sample
Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Further Reading
13: Obesity
Definition
Etiology of Obesity
CNS Control of Appetite, Genes, and Genetic Causes of Obesity
Genetic Syndromes Of Obesity (Fig. 13.4)
Prader–Willi Syndrome
Cohen Syndrome
Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
OBHD Syndrome
Loss of Function of SIM1
Ciliopathies
Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
Mutation in the TUB Gene
Alstrom Syndrome
Dietary Intake
Energy Expenditure
Gut Microbiome
Epigenetics
Obesogenic Environment
Endocrine Causes
ROHHAD Syndrome
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Iatrogenic Causes
Antipsychotic Medication
Insulin/Diabetes
Antibiotics
Central Nervous System Surgery or Injury
Cancer Survivors
Comorbidities of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity
Psychological Conditions
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Hyperlipidemia and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Genetic Causes of Dyslipidemia: Primary Hyperlipidemia
Secondary Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Thromboembolism
Liver Disease
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Dermal Findings
Orthopedic Conditions
Increased Growth and Advanced Skeletal Development
Earlier Puberty
Enuresis
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Cholelithiasis
Asthma
Pseudotumor Cerebri
Psoriasis
Diagnosis of Obesity and Comorbidities
Laboratory Evaluation of Childhood Obesity
Treatment
Lifestyle Modification
Medication
Orlistat
Liraglutide/Semiglutide
Setmelanotide
Phentermine Hydrochloride
Qsymia
Metformin
Bariatric Surgery
Prevention
Encourage Parental Modeling
Expose Children to Healthy Food in a Young Age
Encourage Breast-Feeding
Decrease or Eliminate the Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Limit the Intake of Juice
Increase Public Safety
Decrease “Screen” Watching
Modify the Diet
Decrease Sedentary Time
Advocate
Conclusion
Further Reading
14: Pediatric Endocrine Emergencies
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Nonketotic HyperosmolarComa/Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperthyroidism in the Neonate
Thyroid Storm in Children and Adolescents
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia/Hyperkalemia Due to Adrenal Insufficiency
Hyponatremia Resulting from Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
Hypernatremia Due to Diabetes Insipidus
Hypertension Due to Pheochromocytoma
Further Reading
15: Medications for Pediatric Endocrinology
Calcitonin, Human
Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Calcium
Calcium Carbonate, Oral
Calcium Citrate, Oral
Calcium Gluconate IV
Hypocalcemia
Calcium Lactate, Oral
DDAVP
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
Dietary Supplementation
Vitamin D Deficiency
Nutritional Rickets, Decrease Dosage During Healing
Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets
Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets
Hypoparathyroidism or Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Estrogen
Fludrocortisone Acetate (Florinef)
Glucagon HCl
Baqsimi (Nasal Glucagon)
Glucocorticoid Preparations
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Testing
Hydrochlorothiazide
Insulin Preparations
Levothyroxine
Liraglutide
Magnesium Sulfate
Hypomagnesemia or Hypocalcemia
Daily Maintenance
Mannitol (5, 10, 15, 20, 25%)
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Metformin
Mecasermin (rhIGF-1)
Methimazole
Hyperthyroidism
Nitroprusside
Pamidronate
Hypercalcemia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Phosphate Supplements
Maintenance/Replacement
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Supplements
Hypokalemia
Propranolol Hydrochloride
Hypertension
Semaglutide
Setmelanotide
Sodium Bicarbonate
Somatropin (Growth Hormone)
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Noonan Syndrome
Prader–Willi Syndrome
SGA
SHOX Deficiency
Turner Syndrome
Spironolactone
Diuretic
Primary Aldosteronism
Hirsutism or Acne in Women
Testosterone
Vasopressin
Zoledronate
Further Reading
16: Laboratory Values for Pediatric Endocrinology
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Quest
Adrenal Antibody Screen with Reflex Titer Quest
Albumin (Microalbumin), 24-h Urine Quest
Albumin Serum Quest
Aldosterone, 24-h Urine Labcorp
Aldosterone Serum, LC/MS/MS Quest
Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Quest
Alkaline Phosphatase, Bone-Specific Labcorp
Androstenedione LC/MS/MS Quest
Angiotensin II Quest
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Quest
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/ Arginine Vasopressin Labcorp
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Common Mutations Quest
C-Peptide, Serum Quest
Calcitonin Quest
Calcium, 24-h Urine Quest
Calcium Ionized, Serum Quest
Calcium, Serum Quest
Carnitine, Serum Quest
Carotene Quest
Catecholamines, Fractionated, 24-h Urine Quest
Catecholamines, Fractionated, Plasma Quest
Adults
Children Supine
Catecholamines, Fractionated, Random Urine Quest
Copeptin Quest
Corticosterone LC/MS/MS Quest
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (Mainly Use for Ectopic Production of CRH) Quest
Cortisol-Binding Globulin (Transcortin) Esoterix/Labcorp
Cortisol Urinary Free 24-h Quest
Cortisol-Free Serum Quest
Cortisol, Salivary Quest
Cortisol Serum Total LC/MS/MS Esoterix/Labcorp
Creatinine 24-h Urine Quest
Creatinine Random Urine Quest
Creatinine Clearance Quest
Creatinine Serum Quest
DHEA Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
DHEA Sulfate, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
11-Deoxycortisol (Compound S) Corticosterone, Serum Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Dihydrotestosterone Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Dihydrotestosterone, Free, Serum Quest
Estradiol, Serum Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Estrone, Serum Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Third Generation, Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Fructosamine, Serum Quest
Gastrin Serum Quest
Glucagon Quest
Glucose, Serum
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Autoantibodies Quest
Glycated Albumin Labcorp
1,5-Anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark) Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Growth Hormone, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Growth Hormone Antibody Quest
Growth Hormone-Binding Protein (GHBP) Quest
Hemoglobin A1C, Quest
Homovanillic Acid, 24-h Urine Quest
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 24-h Urine Quest
18-Hydroxycorticosterone, Serum Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA), 24-h Urine Quest
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA), Random Urine Quest
17-Hydroxypregnenolone, Serum (or Plasma) Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), Serum (or Plasma) Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
IA-2 Antibody Quest
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) (Previously Called Somatomedin C) Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
IGF-2 Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
IGF-Binding Protein-1 (IGFBP-1) Quest
IGF-Binding Protein-2 (IGFBP-2) Quest
IGF-Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3) Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Inhibin B Quest
Insulin Autoantibody, Quest
Insulin, Free Quest
Insulin, Serum Quest
Islet Cell Antibody Quest
Leptin, Serum Quest
Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Pediatric Quest
Metanephrine and VMA, Fractionated 24-h Urine Quest
Metanephrine, Fractionated Random Urine Quest
Metanephrine, Fractionated Free Plasma Quest
Microalbumin/Creatinine Random, Quest
Osmolality, Random Urine Quest
Osmolality, Serum Quest
Osteocalcin, Serum Quest
Pancreatic Polypeptide Quest
Parathyroid Hormone Antibody, Serum Quest
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Intact, Serum Quest
Parathyroid Hormone and Related Protein (PTH-RP) Quest
Pregnenolone, Serum Quest
Progesterone, Serum Quest
Progesterone, Free, HPLC-MS/MS Labcorp
Proinsulin, Serum Quest
Prolactin, Serum Quest
Renin Activity (PRA), Plasma Esoterix/Labcorp
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Quest
Somatostatin Quest
Testosterone, Total, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Testosterone Free, Serum or Plasma MS/Equilibrium Dialysis Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Testosterone Bioavailable Esoterix/Labcorp
T3 (Triiodothyronine), Free, Nondialysis Esoterix/Labcorp
Triiodothyronine (T3), Free, Dialysis Endocrine Sciences/Labcorp
Triiodothyronine (T3), Reverse Esoterix/Labcorp
Triiodothyronine (T3), Total, Radioimmunoassay Esoterix/Labcorp
Thyroxine (T4), Free, Direct Dialysis Serum Quest
Thyroxine (T4), Free, Nondialysis, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Thyroxine (T4), Total, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Thyroglobulin Antibody, Serum Quest
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO), Serum Quest
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Serum Quest
Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) Quest
TSH Receptor Antibody (TRAb) Esoterix/Labcorp
Thyroxine-Binding Protein/Globulin (TBG), Serum Quest
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA), Random Urine Quest
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA), 24-h Urine Quest
Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy, Serum Esoterix/Labcorp
Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy, Serum or Plasma Esoterix/Labcorp
S.I. Unit Conversion Table from Endocrine Sciences/ Esoterix/Labcorp
Further Reading
Index
