Pediatric Dermatology

cover
inside front cover
Inside front cover
Front matter
Front matter
Pediatricdermatology
Copyright
Copyright
Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Figure credits
Dedication
Dedication
Foreword
Foreword
Note from dr. cohen
Foreword to the second edition
Contributors
Contributors
Contents
Contents
1 - Introduction to pediatric dermatology
1 Introduction to pediatric dermatology
Anatomy and function of the skin
Examination and assessment of the skin
Diagnostic techniques
Potassium hydroxide preparation
Scabies preparation
Lice preparation
Tzanck smear
Wood light
Dermatologic therapeutics
General principles
Topical vehicles
Ointments
Open wet dressings
Powders and lotions
Gels
Aerosols
Creams
Pastes
Foams
Shampoos and washes
Topical corticosteroids
Topical calcineurin inhibitors
Emollients (lubricants)
Sun protective agents
Further reading
Useful websites
2 - Neonatal dermatology
2 Neonatal dermatology
Introduction
Barrier properties and use of topical agents
Thermoregulation
Pigmentation and photoprotection
Cutaneous complications of the intensive care nursery
Surgical scars
Arterial catheters
Chemical and thermal burns
Heel-stick nodules
Transient eruptions of the newborn
Transient vascular phenomena
Benign pustular dermatoses
Erythema toxicum neonatorum
Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
Acropustulosis of infancy
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
Other papulopustular rashes
Sebaceous gland hyperplasia.
Miliaria.
Milia.
Neonatal acne.
Infantile acne.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
Minor anomalies
Dimpling
Periauricular sinuses, pits, tags, and cysts
Supernumerary digits
Supernumerary nipples
Umbilical granulomas
The scaly newborn
Collodion baby
Ichthyosis
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis
Epidermolytic ichthyosis
Ichthyosis vulgaris and x-linked ichthyosis
Diaper dermatitis and related disorders
Irritant contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Infected contact dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Psoriasis
Candidiasis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Benign cephalic histiocytosis
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Congenital syphilis
Vesiculopustular dermatoses
Infections and infestations
Neonatal herpes simplex infection
Congenital varicella syndrome
Neonatal varicella
Impetigo and staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome
Disseminated candidiasis
Scabies
Epidermolysis bullosa
Aplasia cutis congenita
Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with supple reticulated scarring
Mastocytosis
Incontinentia pigmenti
Nevi/birthmarks
Vascular anomalies
Vascular malformations
Capillary malformations
Venous malformations
Lymphatic malformations
Arteriovenous malformations
Vascular tumors
Hemangiomas
Hamartomatous nevi
Epidermal nevi
Sebaceous nevi
Smooth muscle and pilar hamartomas
Connective tissue nevus
Congenital melanocytic nevi
Tumors
Juvenile xanthogranulomas
Dermoid cysts
Recurrent infantile digital fibroma
Infantile myofibromatosis
Malignant tumors
Reactive erythemas
Neonatal lupus erythematosus
Annular erythema of infancy
Further reading
Barrier properties and topical agents
Cutaneous complications of the intensive care nursery
Cutis marmorata
Erythema toxicum neonatorum
Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
Acropustulosis of infancy
Eosinophilic folliculitis
Miliaria
Milia
Neonatal and infantile acne
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
Minor anomalies
Collodion baby
Ichthyosis
Diaper dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Congenital syphilis
Herpes simplex
Varicella
Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome
Candidiasis
Scabies
Epidermolysis bullosa
Aplasia cutis congenita
Mastocytosis
Incontinentia pigmenti
Vascular malformation
Lymphatic malformations
Hemangiomas
Epidermal nevus
Sebaceous nevus
Smooth muscle nevus
Connective tissue nevus
Pigmented nevi
Juvenile xanthogranuloma
Dermoid cyst
Recurrent infantile digital fibroma
Infantile myofibromatosis
Malignant tumors
Neonatal lupus erythematosus
Annular erythema of infancy
3 - Papulosquamous eruptions
3 Papulosquamous eruptions
Introduction
Disorders of keratinization
Psoriasis
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
Keratosis follicularis (darier disease)
Ichthyoses
Palmoplantar keratoderma
Porokeratosis
Porokeratosis of mibelli
Linear porokeratosis
Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis
Punctate porokeratosis
Inflammatory dermatitides
Contact dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Nummular eczematous dermatitis
Prurigo nodularis
Follicular eczema
Ichthyosis vulgaris
Keratosis pilaris
Infraorbital folds
Pigmentary changes
Hand (and foot) dermatitis
Complications of atopic dermatitis
Differential diagnosis.
Treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Valacyclovir oral suspension (50 mg/ml).
Seborrheic dermatitis
Juvenile palmar-plantar dermatosis
Perioral/periorificial dermatitis
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis lichenoides
Lichenoid dermatoses
Lichen planus
Lichen nitidus
Lichen striatus
Fungal infections
Tinea
Tinea corporis
Tinea pedis
Yeast
Candidiasis
Tinea versicolor
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of gougerot and carteaud
Further reading
Psoriasis
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
Keratosis follicularis
Keratoderma (hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles)
Porokeratosis
Contact dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Juvenile palmar-plantar dermatosis
Perioral dermatitis
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis lichenoides
Lichen planus
Lichen nitidus
Lichen striatus
Fungal infections
4 - Vesiculopustular eruptions
4 Vesiculopustular eruptions
Introduction
Viral infections
Herpes simplex virus
Varicella (chickenpox)
Herpes zoster
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Bacterial infections
Impetigo
Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome
Staphylococcal folliculitis
Immunobullous dermatoses
Intraepidermal disorders
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus foliaceus
Subepidermal disorders
Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood
Bullous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Mechanobullous disorders
Friction blisters
Epidermolysis bullosa
Dermatitis
Erythema multiforme, stevens–johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis
Erythema multiforme
Stevens–johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis
Further reading
Herpes simplex infection
Varicella-zoster infection
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Bacterial infections
Pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid and chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Erythema multiforme
Stevens–johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
Mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis
5 - Nodules and tumors
5 Nodules and tumors
Introduction
Superficial nodules and tumors
Warts
Molluscum contagiosum
Basal cell carcinoma
Dermal nodules and tumors
Granuloma annulare
Adnexal tumors
Epidermoid cysts
Pilar cysts
Pilomatrixoma
Vellus hair cysts
Steatocystoma
Dermoid cysts
Multiple facial papules and nodules
Syringomas.
Trichoepitheliomas.
Xanthomas
Fibrous tumors
Keloids
Dermatofibromas
Angiofibromas
Vascular tumor
Pyogenic granuloma
Neural tumors
Neurofibromas
Neuromas
Lymphocytoma cutis
Further reading
Warts
Molluscum contagiosum
Basal cell carcinoma and genodermatoses associated with neoplasia
Granuloma annulare
Adnexal tumors
Xanthomas
Fibrous tumors
Pyogenic granuloma
Neural tumors
Lymphocytoma, lymphoma cutis
6 - Pigmentary disorders
6 Pigmentary disorders
Introduction
Hyperpigmentation
Epidermal melanosis
Café-au-lait spots
Freckles (ephelides)
Lentigo simplex
Lentiginosis profusa.
Leopard syndrome.
Speckled lentiginous nevus.
Peutz–jeghers syndrome
Solar lentigines
Becker nevus
Acanthosis nigricans
Melasma
Dermal melanocytosis/melanosis
Incontinentia pigmenti
Nevoid hyperpigmentation (hypopigmentation)
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
Fixed drug eruption
Acquired nevomelanocytic nevi
Melanomas
Spindle and epithelial cell nevus
Diffuse hyperpigmentation
Hypopigmentation and depigmentation
Localized hypopigmentation
Hypopigmented macules
Nevus depigmentosus
Nevus anemicus
Nevoid hypopigmentation (incontinentia pigmenti achromians)
Piebaldism
Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
Vitiligo
Diffuse hypopigmentation
Albinism
Other disorders associated with diffuse hypopigmentation
Further reading
Café-au-lait spot
Lentigo
Becker nevus
Acanthosis nigricans
Melasma
Dermal melanocytosis
Fixed drug eruption
Pigmented nevi
Hypopigmented macules
Nevus anemicus
Nevoid hypopigmentation (incontinentia pigmenti achromians)
Piebaldism
Vitiligo
Albinism
7 - Reactive erythema
7 Reactive erythema
Introduction
Drug eruptions
Morbilliform drug eruptions (including drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms or drug-induced hypersensitivity ...
Stevens–johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
Fixed drug eruption
Urticaria
Exfoliative, lichenoid, and acneiform drug reactions
Chemotherapy-induced erythema
Viral exanthems
Measles and rubella
Measles
Rubella
Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
Exanthema subitum (roseola)
Papular acrodermatitis (gianotti–crosti syndrome)
Other viral exanthems
Scarlatiniform rashes
Scarlet fever
Kawasaki syndrome
Acral erythema
Erythromelalgia
Pernio
Acrodynia
Purpuras and vasculitides
Extravascular purpura
Intravascular purpura
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Vascular purpura
Infectious vasculitis
Lymphocytic vasculitis
Sweet syndrome
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Granulomatous vasculitis
Figurate erythema
Erythema annulare centrifugum
Erythema migrans
Panniculitis
Erythema nodosum
Cold panniculitis
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
Sclerema neonatorum
Lupus panniculitis
Photosensitivity
Phototoxic and photoallergic reactions
Polymorphous light eruption
Solar urticaria
Genetic disorders
Other photo-exacerbated disorders
Collagen vascular disease
Lupus erythematosus
Dermatomyositis
Sclerosing collagen vascular disease
Systemic sclerosis
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
Necrobiosis lipoidica
Further reading
Drug eruptions
Urticaria
Lichenoid drug eruptions
Chemotherapy-induced erythema
Viral exanthems
Kawasaki syndrome
Acral erythema
Purpura fulminans
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis
Granulomatous vasculitis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Progressive pigmented purpuric dermatosis
Sweet syndrome
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Figurate erythema
Panniculitis
Photosensitivity
Connective tissue disease
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy
Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
Necrobiosis lipoidica
8 - Disorders of the hair and nails
8 Disorders of the hair and nails
Introduction
Hair disorders
Embryology and anatomy
Congenital and hereditary disorders
Acquired alopecia
Scarring (cicatricial) alopecia
Non-scarring alopecia
Tinea capitis
Alopecia areata
Traumatic hair loss
Telogen effluvium
Anagen effluvium
Loose anagen syndrome
Androgenetic alopecia
Hypertrichosis and hirsutism
Acne
Acne vulgaris
Folliculitis
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Miliaria
Nail disorders
Embryology and anatomy
Congenital and hereditary disorders
Isolated malformations
Ectodermal dysplasias
Other genodermatoses and systemic diseases
Acquired nail disorders
Paronychia
Nail dystrophy
Nail changes and extracutaneous systemic disease
Further reading
Hair disorders
Nail disorders
9 - Oral cavity
9 Oral cavity
Introduction
Anatomy of the oral cavity
Buccal mucosa
White sponge nevus
Thrush (pseudomembranous candidiasis)
Tongue
Congenital malformations
Geographic tongue (stomatitis areata migrans, erythema migrans, benign migratory glossitis)
Black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra)
Macroglossia
Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy)
Granular cell tumor
Traumatic fibroma (irritation fibroma)
Tumors at the base of the tongue
Lingual thyroid
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Lingual tonsils
Floor of the oral cavity
Ranula
Pigmentary changes of the oral mucosa
Physiologic pigmentation
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
Systemic and local hyperpigmentation
Melanotic macules
Hypopigmentation/depigmentation
Lip
Congenital malformations
Cheilitis
Cheilitis simplex
Contact dermatitis
Lip-licker’s dermatitis
Angular cheilitis
Cheilitis (orofacial) granulomatosa
Fordyce granules
Mucocele
Aphthae
Palate
Palatal cysts of the newborn
Gingiva
Gingival cysts of the newborn
Congenital epulis
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
Pyogenic granuloma
Gingival hyperplasia
Dental development and anomalies
Further reading
White sponge nevus
Thrush (pseudomembranous candidiasis)
Ankyloglossia
Erythema migrans (geographic tongue)
Black hairy tongue
Macroglossia
Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy)
Granular cell tumor
Lingual thyroid tumors
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Lingual tonsils
Ranula
Cheilitis (orofacial) granulomatosa
Fordyce granules
Mucocele
Aphthae
Palatal and gingival cysts of the newborn
Congenital epulis
Neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
Pyogenic granuloma
Gingival hyperplasia
Dental development and abnormalities
10 - Genital disorders
10 Genital disorders
Introduction
Anogenital examination
Non-specific vulvovaginitis
Perineal pyramidal protrusion
Labial adhesion
Diaper dermatitis
Infantile hemangioma
Lichen sclerosus/balanitis xerotica obliterans
Vitiligo
Cutaneous crohn disease
Molluscum contagiosum
Herpes simplex virus
Human papillomavirus
Pinworms
Non-sexually acquired genital ulceration (nsagu)
Further reading
Anogenital examination
Nonspecific vulvovaginitis
Perineal pyramidal protrusion
Labial adhesion
Diaper dermatitis
Infantile hemangioma
Lichen sclerosus/balanitis xerotica obliterans
Vitiligo
Cutaneous crohn disease
Molluscum contagiosum
Herpes simplex virus
Human papillomavirus
Pinworms
Non-sexually acquired genital ulceration
11 - Psychodermatology
11 Psychodermatology
Introduction
Psychophysiologic disorders
Primary psychiatric disorders
Trichotillomania
Delusions of parasitosis
Skin picking disorders
Pseudopsychiatric disorders
Child abuse and neglect
Risk factors
Historical clues
Clinical findings
Cutaneous lesions
Sexual abuse
Other findings in abuse
Graft-vs-host disease
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Skin lesions
Further reading
Psychodermatology
Child abuse and neglect
Graft-vs-host disease
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Inside back cover
Inside back cover