The so-called "Antioch Incident"--the confrontation between the apostles Peter and Paul recorded in Galatians 2.11-21--continues to be a source of controversy in scholarly as well as popular estimations of the emerging early church. This innovative interpretation of the event argues that the central issue at stake in Antioch--whether the Torah or Jesus Christ determines who are the people of God--gains great clarity and force when viewed in relation to a form of Judaism knows as Maccabean martyr theology.
Author(s): Stephen Anthony Cummins
Edition: 1
Year: 2001
Language: English
Pages: 306
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 11
PREFACE......Page 15
Publications......Page 17
Bibliographical......Page 20
INTRODUCTION......Page 21
The Antioch incident: problems and proposed solutions from the patristic period to the present day......Page 22
Questions of method, with particular reference to Maccabean martyrdom......Page 32
PART ONE Maccabean martyrdom......Page 37
1 MACCABEAN MARTYRDOM: FORMATIVE TEXTS AND TRADITIONS......Page 39
1. The Maccabean revolt and the emerging Hasmonean dynasty: a historical overview......Page 40
2. The suffering and vindication of the people of God: a theological analysis of constitutive Maccabean texts......Page 46
Israel and the pagan nations: stories of contest and conflict in Daniel 1–6......Page 47
Israel and her conquering heroes: the saviours of the people of Israel in 1 Maccabees......Page 50
Dying and rising with Israel: the Maccabean martyrs and the rescue and restoration of Judaism in 2 Maccabees......Page 53
3. Daniel’s ‘one like a son of man’ and emerging messianic expectations......Page 58
The development of Jewish messianic expectations......Page 59
The Maccabean period, messianic expectations and the Danielic ‘one like a son of man’......Page 62
Messianic interpretations of the Danielic ‘one like a son of man’......Page 67
4. Conclusion: the Maccabees, the Messiah and Galatians 1–2......Page 72
2 MACCABEAN MARTYRDOM IN FIRST-CENTURY JUDAISM AND PAUL......Page 74
1. Maccabean martyrdom and first-century Jewish nationalist aspirations......Page 75
Correspondence and continuity: Farmer and Hengel......Page 76
Jewish nationalism and the Pharisees: Wright......Page 81
The Caligula Temple episode: Jewish and Christian evocations of Antiochus IV Epiphanes......Page 86
2. Maccabean martyrdom in first-century Jewish texts and traditions......Page 92
The Assumption of Moses......Page 93
Megillath Taanith (‘Scroll of Fasts’)......Page 95
The provenance and purpose of 4 Maccabees......Page 97
The philosophical discourse......Page 99
The martyr narratives......Page 100
An excursus: the Maccabean martyr cult in Antioch......Page 103
3. Maccabean martyrdom and Paul: Romans 3.21–6 and its Maccabean tradition-history......Page 106
4. Conclusion......Page 110
PART TWO Paul and the crucified Christ in Antioch......Page 111
3 PAUL AS A PARADIGM OF CONFORMITY TO CHRIST: THE GALATIAN CONTEXT, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY......Page 113
The Galatian crisis......Page 115
Conflict and persecution as the context of Paul's original ministry in Galatia: Galatians 4.12–20......Page 118
Conflict and persecution as the context of Paul's current ministry to the Galatians......Page 120
2. The conceptual framework. Messiah Jesus as eschatological redeemer: the origin and nature of Paul's gospel and mission......Page 126
seems to presuppose an interplay between the (afflicted) saints below (here, Paul) and the saints/angels above.......Page 128
Paul's gospel and mission: not ‘of man’ but ‘of God in Jesus Christ’ (Galatians 1.10–12)......Page 129
3. Conformity to Christ. Paul's autobiography as paradigm: from Jewish zealot to Christian martyr figure (Gal. 1.13–2.10)......Page 134
The ‘apologetic’ and ‘paradigmatic’ approaches to Galatians 1–2: a review, critique and new proposal......Page 135
Paul and the tradition of the Maccabees: his transformation from zealous Jew to apostle of Christ (Galatians 1.13–17)......Page 140
Jerusalem 1: Paul the persecutor turned proclaimer (Galatians 1.18–24)......Page 146
Jerusalem 2: Paul’s conformity to the truth of the gospel (Galatians 2.1–10)......Page 149
4. Conclusion......Page 155
1. The history and self-identity of the Jewish community in Antioch......Page 158
A historical overview......Page 159
The common life of the Jewish community......Page 161
2. The messianic community in Antioch......Page 165
Stephen: the vindicated prophet-martyr......Page 166
Paul: the transformed prophet-martyr......Page 168
Peter: the enlightened prophet figure......Page 170
The common life of the Antiochene Christian community......Page 171
The Antioch mission and the messianic community......Page 172
The common life of the messianic community: their prophet-martyr leadership and messianic ‘word of exhortation’......Page 175
Jewish–Christian conflict in Antioch and the Jerusalem conference and decree......Page 177
3. Conclusion......Page 180
5 PAUL AND THE CRUCIFIED CHRIST IN ANTIOCH: GALATIANS 2.11–14......Page 181
1. The narrative substructure of Galatians 2.11–21......Page 182
The nature of the table-fellowship......Page 184
Table-fellowship and the Lord's Supper......Page 189
3. Peter's withdrawal: its nature and significance (Gal. 2.11, 12–13)......Page 193
Peter's withdrawal as a failure of faithfulness......Page 194
Peter's motivation: a fear of reprisal......Page 196
The impact of Peter's withdrawal......Page 198
4. Paul's response: a defence of the truth of the gospel (Gal. 2.14)......Page 199
The judicial setting......Page 200
The issue at stake: God's covenantal faithfulness in Messiah Jesus......Page 202
Paul's accusation......Page 204
Paul's verdict......Page 206
5. Conclusion......Page 208
6 PAUL AND THE CRUCIFIED CHRIST IN ANTIOCH: GALATIANS 2.15–21......Page 209
1. Paul's remonstration: an ironical use of intra-Jewish polemic (Gal. 2.15)......Page 210
Justification, the ‘works of the law’, and…......Page 213
Paul's argument in Galatians 2.16: the vindication of the people of God......Page 221
3. An objection and its denial: servant(s) of sin versus servant(s) of God (Gal. 2.17)......Page 226
4. Paul's counter-claim: Israel-in-Adam as a servant of sin (Gal. 2.18)......Page 232
5. Paul’s positive explanation: Israel-in-Adam and Israel-in-Christ (Gal. 2.19–20)......Page 236
An excursus: the Messiah’s deliverance of Israel-in-Adam ( Rom. 7.1–8.11)......Page 239
The Messiah’s deliverance of Israel-in-Adam (Gal. 2.19–20)......Page 245
6. Paul’s concluding statement: the grace of God in the death of the Messiah (Gal. 2.21)......Page 248
7. Conclusion......Page 249
CONCLUSION......Page 251
Primary sources: texts and translations......Page 253
Secondary sources......Page 255
1. OLD TESTAMENT......Page 280
2. APOCRYPHA......Page 282
3. NEW TESTAMENT......Page 287
4. PSEUDEPIGRAPHA......Page 295
7. JOSEPHUS......Page 296
9. GREEK AND ROMAN AUTHORS......Page 297
10. EARLY CHRISTIAN TEXTS......Page 298
SELECT INDEX OF GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES......Page 299
INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS......Page 301
SELECT INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS......Page 305
