This book illustrates the importance and significance of the systems approach in deciphering diverse aspects of host-parasite interactions in infection dynamics. It describes the complex issues and state-of-the-art progress in the infection biology of parasitic protozoa. The book explores the current concepts and paradigms of gene expression, metabolome, and immune remodeling in these diseases. The chapters encompass updates on the parasitic tropism, co-evolution, systemic responses in hosts, and translational approaches. It provides an overview of the parasite's efficient ways of exploiting host molecules and describes pathways for their survival, differentiation, and replication within the host cells. The book also delineates the role of inflammasomes and their activation in response to the protozoan parasite. The book discusses technological progress and machine learning-based modeling approaches to revisit parasitic infection from a non-conventional perspective. Collectively this book offers a comprehensive purview of concepts and paradigms in parasitic infection in the form of an updated yet discernible elucidation.
Author(s): Budhaditya Mukherjee, Arijit Bhattacharya, Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay, Bruno Guedes Alcoforado Aguiar
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 229
City: Singapore
Contents
About the Editors
Nanotechnology-Based Promising Therapeutic Approaches Against Protozoan
1 Introduction
2 Current Treatment Regimes and Their Limitations
3 Nanotechnology-Based Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Combating Protozoan-Associated Diseases
3.1 Nanopharmaceuticals
3.2 Exosomes
3.3 Liposomes
3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
3.5 Dendrimers
3.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.7 Quantum Dots
3.8 Nano-vaccines
4 Conclusion
References
Intertwining of Retinoic Acid and Cholesterol Pathway and its Consequences in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages
1 Introduction
2 Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani
3 Current Status of Therapy in VL
4 Immune Responses in Liver, Bone Marrow, and Spleen
5 Cholesterol is Required for Leishmania donovani Infection: Implications in Leishmaniasis
6 Malnutrition and Visceral Leishmaniasis
7 Retinoic Acid (RA) and its Importance
8 RA Metabolism and Gene Regulation through Nuclear Receptors
9 Status of RA and its Pathway in Visceral Leishmaniasis
10 Crosstalk of RA and Cholesterol Pathways: Impact of RA on Cellular Cholesterol
11 Conclusions
References
Role and Pathophysiology of Protozoan Parasites Causing Liver Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Epidemiology
2.1 Entamoeba histolytica
2.2 Cryptosporidium spp.
2.3 Giardia lamblia
2.4 Malaria Parasite
2.5 Toxoplasma gondii
2.6 Leishmania donovani
3 Pathogenesis in Liver Disease
3.1 Entamoeba histolytica
3.2 Cryptosporidium parvum
3.3 Giardia lamblia
3.4 Invasion and Transition of Malaria Parasite
3.5 Toxoplasma gondii
3.6 Leishmania donovani
4 Pharmacological Targeting of Drugs Against Protozoans Causing Liver Disease
5 Conclusion
References
Cognitive Impairment in Parasitic Protozoan Infection
1 Cognition and Cognitive Impairment
2 Neuroinflammation in Cognitive Impairment
3 Neural, Psychological and Cognitive Impairments in Parasitic Protozoan Diseases
3.1 Toxoplasmosis
3.2 Chagas Disease
3.3 Leishmaniasis
3.4 Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or Sleeping Sickness
3.5 Malaria
3.6 Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Cycling Within a Cell: Cell Cycle of Intracellular Kinetoplastid Parasites
1 Introduction
2 Cell Division in Kinetoplastids
2.1 Role of kDNA in the Regulation of Cell Cycle
2.2 Role of Paraflagellar Rod (PFR) in Cell Division of Kinetoplastid Parasites
3 Cell Cycle in Trypanosoma
4 Cell Cycle in Leishmania
5 Conclusion
References
Elaborating the Role of Aspartyl Protease in Host Modulation and Invasion in Apicomplexan Parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
1 Introduction
1.1 Aspartyl Proteases in Pathogens and Their Mode of Action
1.2 ASPs in Apicomplexan Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
2 Aspartyl Protease in Export
2.1 PMV
Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
Mechanism of Action
2.2 TgASP5
Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
Mechanism of Action
3 Aspartyl Protease in Invasion and Egress
3.1 TgASP3, PfPMIX and PfPMX
Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
Mechanism of Action
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Leishmaniasis: Tissue Tropism in Relation to the Species Diversity
1 Introduction
2 What Is Tropism?
3 Tropism in Leishmaniasis
3.1 Dermotropic
3.2 Viscerotropic
3.3 Exceptions
4 Evolution of Leishmania
5 What Determines VL vs. CL?
5.1 Pre-dissemination
Size of the Inoculum
Sand Fly Components
Host Immune Response
Pro-inflammation vs. Anti-inflammation
Matrix Metalloproteinase
Apoptotic Mimicry
5.2 Post-dissemination
A2 Genes and Oxidative Stress
Nucleotide Sugar Transporter (NST)
Lipid Composition
5.3 Visceralization in HIV/Leishmania
5.4 Leishmania Genomics
RagC
Mini-exon Copy Number Variation
Loss of Visceralization due to Genome Hybridization
6 Differential Tissue Tropism: Bliss or Curse for Leishmania
References
Transcriptional Control in Entamoeba: Something Old, Something New
1 Introduction
1.1 Entamoeba Genome Sequencing and Transcriptomic Data Improves the Field
1.2 Gene Expression Profiling and Transcriptional Regulation
2 Transcription Factors in Cellular Function
2.1 TATA-Box-Binding Protein
2.2 EhCudA
2.3 EhEBP1 and EhEBP2
2.4 EhPC4
2.5 Ehp53
2.6 HMGB1
3 TF in Development and Stress Response
3.1 HRM-BP
3.2 EhMyb and EhMyb-dr
3.3 ERM-BP
3.4 NF-Y (Nuclear Factor Complex)
4 Transcription Factors in Pathogenicity, Virulence, Drug Resistance, and Phagocytosis
4.1 URE-3BP
4.2 EhGATA
4.3 EhHSTF
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
A Perspective on Mathematical Modeling and Machine Learning Models to Predict Visceral Leishmaniasis
1 Introduction
2 History of Kala-azar and PKDL
3 History of HIV
4 Overview of HIV and PKDL Co-infection
5 Related Work and Methodologies
5.1 Mathematical Model on VL
5.2 Statistical Model on VL
6 Future Research Directions
7 Conclusion
References
Elucidating the Role of miRNA in Inflammasome-Mediated Immune Response in Leishmaniasis
1 Introduction
2 Pathogen-Derived Activating Signals
3 Host-Derived Activating Signals
4 Canonical and Noncanonical Inflammasomes
5 Canonical Inflammasome Assembly
6 Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation
7 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Inflammasome Regulation
8 Inflammasome and Leishmaniasis
9 miRNA and Leishmaniasis
10 Conclusion
References
An Insight into Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis
1 Leishmaniasis
2 Classical Leishmaniasis
2.1 Immunopathology of Visceral Leishmaniasis
T Cell Subset Cytokine Milieu with Effector Function in VL
Immunoglobulins and Visceral Leishmaniasis
2.2 Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
T Cell Subset Cytokine Milieu with Effector Function in CL
Immunoglobulins and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
2.3 Immunopathology of Atypical Leishmaniasis
References
