Past, Present and Future of a Habitable Earth: The Development Strategy of Earth Science 2021 to 2030

Editorial
Preface
Introduction
Contents
1 Overview
1.1 Deep Processes Control Earth’s Habitability
1.2 Understanding the Main Factors of Earth Habitability by Ocean Exploration
1.3 Interaction Between Earth’s Endogenic and Exogenic Processes from a Deep Space Perspective
1.4 Earth System Science and Earth Habitability
1.5 “Ecosystems” of Innovation
Reference
2 Scientific Perspectives: Challenges for Human Cognition
2.1 Early Earth
2.2 Effect of Deep Dynamic Processes on Earth’s Habitability
2.2.1 Materials Circulation and Deep Earth Structure
2.2.2 New Physical Chemistry of the Deep Lower Mantle and Deep Earth Engine
2.3 Influence of Important Events on Earth Habitability
2.3.1 Deep Earth Processes and Constant Temperature Mechanisms of Earth’s Climate
2.3.2 Why Does Plate Tectonics Occur Only on Earth and How Does It Affect the Habitable Environment?
2.3.3 Influence of Significant Geological Events on the Environment and the Evolution of Life
2.4 Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate Change
2.4.1 Oceanic Heat Absorption and Carbon Sequestration, and Their Role in Climate Change
2.4.2 Climate Change in Extremely Hot Geological Periods
2.5 Interactions Between the Oceans and the Earth’s Interior
2.5.1 Lithosphere Structure and Composition of Oceanic Plates
2.5.2 Driving Forces of Oceanic Plate Movements
2.5.3 Deep-Water Circulation and Sea Level Fluctuation
2.6 Evolution of the Oceans and the Origins of Life
2.6.1 Extreme Oceanic Life Processes and Origins of Life
2.6.2 Evolution of Marine Life and Its Adaptability to the Environment
2.6.3 Role of Marine Life in Earth Evolution
2.7 Multi-sphere and Multi-scale Interaction Processes and Physical Mechanisms of the Sun and Earth in a Deep-Space Environment
2.7.1 Sun and Earth Interaction
2.7.2 Geological Activity and the Formation Mechanisms of Icy Celestial Bodies
2.7.3 Study and Evaluation of Small Extraterrestrial Celestial Bodies, and Prediction and Prevention of Earth Impacts
2.8 Detection of Habitable Extrasolar Planets
2.9 The Human-Earth System and Sustainable Development
2.10 Global Environmental Change and the Evolution of Biology and Human Culture
2.11 Sphere Interactions and Earth System Processes
References
3 Basic Scientific Issues Relating to Earth Habitability
3.1 Important Issues in Resources and Energy Security
3.1.1 Oil and Gas Resources
3.1.2 Mineral Resources
3.1.3 Surface Water Resources
3.2 Deep-Sea Resources, Energy Potential, and Marine Security
3.2.1 Deep-Sea Energy
3.2.2 Deep-Sea Mineral Resources
3.2.3 Deep-Sea Biological Resources
3.2.4 Marine Security
3.3 Deep-Space Resources and Deep-Space Economy
3.3.1 Exploration, Development, and Utilization of Space Resources
3.3.2 Utilization and Transmission Technology for Deep-Space Solar Energy
3.3.3 Multi-scenario Economic Development in Space
3.3.4 Theories and Technologies for Human Intervention in the Trajectories of Dangerous Small Celestial Bodies
3.4 Mechanisms, Prediction, and Prevention of Natural Disasters
3.4.1 Earthquake Prevention and Mitigation of the Effects of Strong Continental Earthquakes
3.4.2 Observation, Mechanism and Possible Control of Artificially Induced Earthquakes
3.4.3 Marine Hazard Forecast and Prediction
3.5 Ecological Safety
3.5.1 Ecosystem Structures and Processes
3.5.2 Soil Health
3.5.3 Environmental Pollution Control
3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Carbon Neutrality
3.6.1 Cross-Sphere and Multi-scale Processes and Mechanisms of the Carbon Cycle and Their Relationships with the Climate System
3.6.2 Budgets, Reservoir Capacity, Uncertainty, and Evolution Trends of Carbon in Terrestrial, Oceanic, and Land-Sea Coupled Systems
3.6.3 Impact of Carbon Neutrality on the Coupling System Between Carbon Cycling and Climate
3.6.4 Scientific and Technological Basis for Negative Emissions Technology
References
4 Scientific and Technological Support: Fundamental Theoretical Issues with Revolutionary Technologies
4.1 Geophysical Exploration Technologies for Deep Earth
4.1.1 Theories and Technologies for Seismic Surveys
4.1.2 Quantum Sensing and Deep Geophysics
4.2 Deep-Earth Geochemical Tracker and High-Precision Dating Techniques
4.2.1 Geochemical Technologies for Tracing Early-Stage Earth Evolution and Core-Mantle Differentiation
4.2.2 Index System of Earth Habitability Elements
4.2.3 High-Precision Dating Technique
4.2.4 HPHT Experiments and Computing Simulation Techniques
4.3 Deep-Sea Observation and Survey
4.3.1 Detection Technologies for Ocean Laser Profile
4.3.2 Detection Technologies for Marine Neutrino
4.3.3 Deep-Sea and Transoceanic Communication Technologies
4.3.4 Underwater Observation and Survey
4.3.5 Sea Floor In-Situ Surveys
4.4 Deep-Sea Mobility and Residence
4.5 Exoplanets Exploration
4.5.1 Exploration of Atmospheres and Life on Exoplanets
4.5.2 Climate Environment on Oceanic Planets
4.5.3 Ocean Currents and Heat Transportation on Lava Planets
4.6 Infrastructure Framework and Theories of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Services
4.6.1 Collaborative PNT Systems in High, Medium, and Low Orbits
4.6.2 Pulsar Space–Time Datum
4.6.3 Marine PNT System
4.6.4 Miniaturized and Chip-Size PNT
4.6.5 Theory and Technology of Quantum Satellite Positioning
4.6.6 Datum Measurement Technology for Optical Clocks and Elevations
4.6.7 Technology and Fundamental Theory of Resilient PNT
4.7 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
4.7.1 Data Integration, Data Assimilation, and Knowledge Sharing
4.7.2 Geoscientific Knowledge Graphs and Knowledge Engines
4.7.3 Deep Machine Learning and Complex Artificial Intelligence
4.7.4 Data-Driven Geoscientific Research Paradigms Transformation
References
5 Realization: Intersectionality, Integration, Collaboration, and Cooperation
5.1 Platform Construction and Data Sharing
5.2 Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Research
5.3 International Collaboration and Exchanges
Postscript