Passives and Middles in Mainland Scandinavian: Microvariation Through Exponency

Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
1 Introduction – Prospects of an exponency-based syntax
1.1 The main empirical facts
1.2  Grammatical voice and transitivity alternations cross-linguistically
1.2.1 The active-passive alternation
1.2.2 Voice-projections
1.2.3 Middles and agent-demotion
1.3 Scope and content of this book
2 The necessity of exponents and the nature of Ʃ-structure
2.1 Overview of our proposal
2.2 A continuum of lexicalist theories
2.3 Exponency and Ʃ-structure
2.4 Levels of grammar: a toy example
2.5 Well-formedness at Σ-structure: the rules of exponent translation
2.5.1  The Exhaustive Lexicalization Principle
2.5.2 The Superset Principle
2.5.3 Cumulative exponence
2.6  Morpheme-based and word-based approaches
2.7 Taking stock
3 Norwegian and Swedish passives: empirical facts
3.1 Three types of passive
3.1.1 Bli
3.1.2 Være
3.1.3 Morphological passives: -s
3.2  General properties of passives in Norwegian and Swedish
3.2.1 Expletive subjects and impersonal passives
3.2.2 Passive from double object constructions
3.2.3 Pseudopassives
3.3  The s-passive in Norwegian and Swedish: primary differences
3.3.1 Interaction with tense
3.3.2 Episodicity
3.3.3 Habituality
3.3.4 Complement of perception verbs
3.3.5 Modal and generic readings
3.4 Shared preferences in the s-passive
3.4.1 Agentivity
3.4.2  Passives of arguments related to an infinitive in Norwegian and Swedish
3.5  Differences between the s-passive and the bli-passive in Swedish
3.6 Change of state and non-change of state passives
3.7 Interim summary
4 Deconstructing Norwegian and Swedish passives
4.1 Passive voice in three types of representation
4.2 Background: case and participles
4.2.1 Case theory
4.2.2 Participles
4.3 The bli-passive in Swedish and Norwegian
4.3.1 Outline of the analysis
4.3.2 The spell out of the by-phrase
4.4 The materialization of the participle
4.4.1  The nature of Voice and a unified treatment of agents in passives and active construals
4.5  The shape and interpretation of the bli-passive, step by step
4.6 Capturing the fine-grained facts: predictions
4.6.1 On non-agentive verbs
4.6.2 On why bli-passives cannot promote arguments of subordinate infinitives to the subject position
4.6.3 On the impossibility of having impersonal passives in Swedish
4.6.4 Pseudopassives
4.7 Analyzing s-passives
4.8 The s-passive in Swedish
4.8.1 The position of the s-exponent in Swedish
4.9 The s-passive in Norwegian
Appendix. How many movement operations in syntax?
5 Differences in the expression of middles in Norwegian and Swedish
5.1 Initial distinctions
5.2 Properties of middles: What is a middle statement?
5.3  Acceptability of the verbal middle interpretation in Norwegian and Swedish
5.4  A comparison of the grammatical properties of adjectival and verbal middles
5.5  The syntax of the verbal middle structure and why Swedish cannot lexicalize it
5.5.1 Mood prevents T from licensing the verb’s event
5.5.2 Agent PPs
5.5.3 Swedish vs. Norwegian
5.5.4 The modifier
5.6 The syntactic structure of the adjectival middle
5.7  The Swedish absolute use of the s-exponent and why Norwegian cannot license it
6 Extensions: anticausatives, reciprocal uses, and additional properties of exponents
6.1 Anticausatives in Norwegian
6.1.1  A brief overview of the problems related to anticausatives
6.1.2 A sketch of a proposal
6.2 Reciprocals in Norwegian
6.3  Ʃ-structure makes head movement unnecessary
6.4 On the word-affix distinction
6.5 Closing comments
References
Index