Party Politics and the Implementation of Gender Quotas: Resisting Institutions

Acknowledgments
Praise for Party Politics and the Implementation of Gender Quotas
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Party Politics and the Implementation of Gender Quotas: Resisting Institutions
1 Gender Quotas in Electoral and Party Politics
2 The Implementation of Gender Equality Policies
3 Comparing Quota Implementation
3.1 Cultural Facilitators and Blockages
3.2 Institutional Facilitators and Blockages
3.3 Political Facilitators and Blockages
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
Part I No or Informalized Quotas
2 Practices and Strategies of Gender Representation in Danish Political Parties: Dilemmas of “Everyday Democracy”
1 The Danish Context: History, Politics, and Culture
2 Analyzing Party Practices and Strategies
2.1 Gender Equality Agenda Within Political Parties
2.2 Practices of Recruitment
2.3 Practices of Selection and Nomination
2.4 Party Culture and Female Leadership
3 Conclusion: The Danish Case and Gender Equality
Notes
References
3 How Gender Quotas Work in Switzerland
1 Implementing Voluntary, Legislated, and Informal Gender Quotas in Swiss Politics
1.1 The Impact of Electoral Law and the Party System
1.2 Voluntary Party Quotas
1.3 The Defeat of Legislated Gender Quotas: Paving the Way for Informal Quotas
1.4 The Practice and Rationale of Unwritten Gender Quotas
2 Gender Quotas as Part of the “Political DNA”?
3 How Quotas Contribute to Gender Equality
Notes
References
Part II Party Quotas
4 Nested Newness and Critical Junctures: Quota Implementation Flaws in the Austrian Party Democracy
1 The Complexity of Quota Implementation in a Multi-tiered Electoral System
2 The Mismatch Among Quota Regulations, the Electoral System, and Political Negotiations
2.1 Institutional, Political, and Cultural Factors Inhibiting Successful Quota Implementation
2.2 What Makes the Quota Implementation Successful?
3 Quota Implementation and Its Contribution to Gender Equity
Notes
References
5 From Party Quotas to Parity? Legislative Gender Representation in Germany at a Crossroads
1 The Implementation of Voluntary Party Quotas
2 Explanatory Factors in Play
2.1 Cultural Blockage: Persisting “Quota Woman” Stigma and Male Incumbency
2.2 Institutional Blockage: The Interface of Party Statutes and Electoral Law
2.3 Political Blockages—Parity Law Advocates and Electoral Reform
3 Implementation and Its Contribution to Gender Equality
Notes
References
6 Implementing Special Measures for Political Representation and Gender in Sweden
1 Context: The Swedish Case
2 The Implementation Itself
2.1 Entering the Secret Garden of Politics
2.2 Different Institutional Configurations in Parties with and Without Party Quotas
3 Explanatory Factors in Play
3.1 Institutional Factors: Electoral System
3.2 Inter-Party Factors
3.3 Intra-Party Factors
3.4 Political Factors: Male Networks and Alliances
3.5 Cultural Factors: Gender Regimes and Framings of Quotas
4 Conclusions
References
7 Turkish Political Parties as Gendered Gatekeepers and the Implementation of Voluntary Quotas
1 Turkish Parties’ Quota Regulations and Approaches
1.1 The Elusiveness of Quota Implemenation in the Candidate Selection Processes
1.2 A Precarious Process with No Procedural Output
2 Political, Institutional, and Ideational Obstacles at Work
2.1 Formal Decision-Making Structures: Leadership-Domination Mediated by Informal Constraints
2.2 The Tradition of Women’s Branches Versus the HDP’s Women’s Assemblies
3 Interparty Differences in Quota Implementation and the Contribution to Gender Equality
Notes
References
8 The Implementation of Equality-Based Candidate Selection Decisions in the British Labour and Conservative Parties
1 The Conservative Party
2 The Labour Party
3 Explanations: Cultural, Political, and Institutional Factors
4 Conclusion: The Cases Compared
Notes
References
Part III Legislative Quotas
9 25 Years of Gender Quotas, Still a Man’s World? Implementation in the Belgian Case
1 How Parties Implement Gender Quotas in Their Recruitment and Selection
2 How the Electoral System and Other Factors Impact the Implementation of Gender Quotas
3 The Contribution to Gender Equality
Notes
References
10 Only Stand-ins? Women’s Parliamentary Representation and Quota Implementation in Croatia Since 2011
1 The Croatian Context of Quota Implementation
2 Analyzing Quota Implementation in Croatia
2.1 Are More Women Nominated?
2.2 Are Parties Being Sanctioned?
3 Conclusions
Notes
References
11 Twenty Years of Parité Under the Microscope in France: Parties Play with Rather Than by the Rules
1 A Hard-Fought Consensus Over Parity Is Put into Action to Varying Degrees Across Elections
1.1 Putting Parity on the Books
1.2 Parity by the Numbers: Type of Electoral System Matters
1.3 Beyond the Numbers: Persistent Gender-Biased Norms Block Quality Representation
2 Political Parties Matter: More Enemies Than Friends of Parity
2.1 Playing with Rather Than by the Rules
2.2 The Absence of Women’s Commissions Allows Boys’ Clubs to Dominate
2.3 Gender-Biased Path Dependency Matters More Than Electoral System Type
3 No Longer Just a Conservative Revolution: Parity at Work in the 2020 Municipal Elections
4 Conclusion: Toward Gender Transformation and a Critical Juncture
Notes
References
12 Ireland: Understanding Gender Quotas as a Stepping-Stone to Gender Transformation and Empowerment
1 Implementation of Legislative Gender Quotas in Ireland
1.1 Candidate Selection in Ireland
1.2 Implementation of Gender Quotas
2 Explanatory Factors: Cultural, Political, and Institutional
2.1 Cultural
2.2 Political
2.3 Institutional
3 Implementation and its Contribution to Gender Equality
Notes
References
13 Gender Quota and Local Political Parties: Varieties of Implementation in Italy
1 Gender Quota Legislation in Italy: An Overview
2 Women, Party, and Candidate Selection for Municipal Elections in the Province of Trento
2.1 The Formal Party Rules of Candidate Selection
2.2 Informal Practices Within Parties
3 The Explicative Role of Cultural and Political Factors
4 Conclusion
Notes
References
14 The Least That Could Have Been Done? The Ambiguous Effects of Gender Quotas in Polish Parliamentary Elections
1 Legislative Quota Implementation in Poland
2 The Whys and Wherefores
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
15 Implementing Gender Quotas in Portugal: A Success Story?
1 Unveiling the Implementation Stages
2 Practices and Resistances
3 Explanatory Factors
4 Contribution to Gender Empowerment
Notes
References
16 Legislative Quotas and Political Representation in Serbia
1 Electoral Gender Quotas and women’s Representation from 2003 to 2011
2 Electoral System Reform and Quota Implementation from 2012 to 2020
3 The Impact of Contextual Factors and Candidate Quota Effects
4 Conclusion
Note
References
17 Legislative Gender Quotas in Slovenia: Implemented But Not Internalized
1 Party Rules and Practices in Implementing Gender Quotas
2 Institutional, Political, and Cultural Factors Impacting the Implementation of Gender Quotas
3 Conclusion
Notes
References
18 “It’s the Party, Stupid!”: Success of and Resistance to Gender Quotas in Spain
1 The Implementation Process
2 Explanatory Factors in Play
2.1 Institutional Factors
2.2 Cultural Factors
2.3 Political Factors
3 Implementation and Its Contribution to Gender Equality
Notes
References
Index