Particulate Drying: Techniques and Industry Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Advances in Drying Science and Technology
About the Series Editor
Preface
Author/Editor Biographies
Contributors
1. Introduction to Particulate Drying
1.1 Particulate Drying: Fundamentals
1.2 Industrial Importance of Particulate Drying
1.3 Typical Issues with Particulate Drying
1.4 Classification and Selection of Dryers
1.5 Traditional Dryers Used for Particulate Drying
References
2. Vibrated Bed Drying
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Generalities of Vibrated Beds
2.2.1 The Universality of the Dimensionless Vibration Number
2.2.2 Fluid Dynamics
2.2.3 Heat and Mass Transfer
2.2.4 Energy Performance
2.2.5 Factors Influencing Process with Vibration
2.3 Mathematical Modeling for Process Optimization and Design
2.4 Types of Dryers with Vibration
2.4.1 Vibration-Generating Devices
2.4.2 Description of Different Types of Dryers with Vibration
2.4.2.1 Horizontal-Vibrating Fluidized Bed
2.4.2.2 Vertical-Vibrating Fluidized Bed
2.4.3 Applications
2.4.3.1 Particulate Inorganic Compounds
2.4.3.2 Milk Drying
2.4.3.3 Leaves, Tea, and Herbal Medicines
2.4.3.4 Biomass and Biofuels
2.4.3.5 Agroindustrial Residues
2.5 Final Remarks
Nomenclature
References
3. Fixed-Bed Drying
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fixed Bed/Packed Bed
3.2.1 Packed-Bed Fundamentals
3.2.2 Heat and Mass in Packed-Bed Drying
3.2.2.1 Mass Transfer in the Solid
3.2.2.2 Mass Transfer in Fluid (Drying Medium)
3.2.2.3 Energy Balance in the Solid
3.2.2.4 Energy Balance in the Fluid
3.3 Fixed-Bed Dryer and Its Variants
3.3.1 Fixed-Bed Dryer Variants
3.3.1.1 Fixed-Bed Dryer
3.3.1.2 Bin Dryer
3.3.1.3 Inclined-Bed Dryer
3.3.1.4 Moving-Fixed Bed Dryer
3.4 Advancement in Fixed-Bed Dryer Research
3.4.1 Quality Aspect
3.4.2 New Attempt to the Fixed-Bed Drying Strategy
3.4.2.1 Reversal of Air Flow in Fixed-Bed Drying
3.4.2.2 Superheated Steam as the Drying Medium
3.4.2.3 Use of Dehumidification and Desiccant to Assist Fixed-Bed Drying
3.4.3 Drying Rate Period
3.5 Conclusion
References
4. Pneumatic and Flash Drying
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principle of Pneumatic Drying Processes
4.3 Advantages and Limitations
4.4 Design and Operation
4.4.1 Air Supply System
4.4.2 Heating System
4.4.3 Particle Feeding System
4.4.3.1 Rotary Valves
4.4.3.2 Screw Feeders
4.4.3.3 Venturi Feeders
4.4.4 Drying Chamber
4.4.5 Particle Separation System
4.4.5.1 Cyclone Separators
4.4.5.2 Filter
4.5 Mathematical Modeling
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Two-Fluid Theory
4.5.3 Eulerian Granular
4.5.4 Discrete Element Method
4.6 Effect of Various Parameters Applied to Pneumatic Drying
4.7 Recent Developments
References
5. Drying of Particulates by Impinging Streams
5.1 Introduction
5.2 ISD Configurations
5.3 Advantages and Limitations of ISD
5.4 Practical Applications of ISD
5.4.1 Drying of a Parboiled Paddy
5.4.2 Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds in a Germinated Paddy
5.5 Research and Opportunities for Further Development
5.5.1 Scaling Up of ISD
5.5.2 Quality of Dried Products
5.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
6. Drying of Suspensions and Pastes in Spouted Beds
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Spouting Technique with Inert Particles
6.3 Drying Process and Dryer Types for Pastes
6.4 Industrial and Academic Perspectives
References
7. Rotary Dryers: Fluid Dynamics Aspects and Modelling
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Flighted Rotary Drum
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Geometric Equations
7.2.3 Design Loading of a Flighted Rotary Dryer
7.2.4 CFD Simulations of a Flighted Rotary Drum
7.3 Rotary Drums without Flights
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Prediction of Granular Flow Regimes in a Rotary Drum without Flights
7.3.3 Particle Segregation in a Rotary Drum without Flights
7.3.4 Numerical Simulations of the Particle Dynamics in a Rotary Drum without Flights
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
8. Prospects for the Development of the Industrial Process for Drying Nanoformulations
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Spray Drying and Nano-Spray Drying
8.1.1.1 Spray Drying
8.1.1.2 Nano-Spray Drying
8.1.2 Differences and Developmental Gaps for Nano-Spray Drying
8.1.3 Nano-Spray Drying Setup
8.2 Process Capabilities and Fundamentals of Nanoformulation Drying
8.2.1 Process Variables and Formulation Variables
8.2.1.1 Influences of Process Parameters
8.2.1.2 Drying Gas Flow Rate, Humidity, and Temperature
8.2.1.3 Droplet Size
8.2.1.4 Particle Size
8.2.1.5 Solid Concentration
8.2.1.6 Feed Rate
8.2.1.7 Product Yield
8.2.1.8 Organic Solvent Instead of Water
8.2.1.9 Encapsulation Efficiency and Active Compound Loading
8.2.1.10 Controlled Release of Active Compounds
8.2.2 Particle Morphology and Surface Characteristics
8.2.2.1 Particle Morphologies
8.2.2.2 Surface Characteristics
8.2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Nano-Spray Drying
8.3 Stability of Formulations During Nano-Spray Drying
8.4 Application of Spray and Nano-Spray Dried Nanoformulations
8.4.1 Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs
8.4.2 Encapsulation of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals
8.4.3 Encapsulation of Nutraceuticals
8.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgement
References
9. Superheated Steam Drying of Particulates
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Advantages and Limitations of SSD
9.2 Overview of Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Particulate Drying
9.2.1 Discussion on Various Drying Techniques for Particulates Using SSD
9.3 Superheated Steam Fluidized Bed Dryer
9.4 Particulate Drying Mechanism Using SSD
9.5 Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena in Particulate Drying
9.5.1 Estimation of Moisture Content and Drying Rate
9.6 Comparative Studies of Particulate Drying Using SSD and Hot Air
9.7 Industries Involved in Manufacturing of SSD for Particulate Materials
9.7.1 SSD Techniques Available on an Industrial Scale
9.7.1.1 GEA Exergy Barr-Rosin Dryer
9.7.1.2 Pressurized Superheated Steam Fluidized Bed Dryer (BMA/NIRO)
9.8 Conclusions
References
10. Miscellaneous Drying Techniques for Particulates
10.1 Traditional Drying Techniques for Particulates
10.1.1 Traditional Particulate Drying
10.1.2 Commercial Particulate Dehydrator
10.1.2.1 Liquid Feed Dryer
10.1.2.2 Sludge or Paste Dryers
10.1.2.3 Wet Particulate Dryer
10.2 Innovation in Drying of Particulate Matter
10.3 Classification of Innovative Dryers
10.4 Spouted Bed and Jet Impingement Fluidization for Drying Particulates
10.4.1 Spouted Bed Drying
10.4.2 Air Impingement Drying
10.5 Screw Conveyor Dryers
10.6 Mechanically Agitated Drying Techniques
10.7 Agitated Pan Dryers/Agitated Vacuum Pan Dryer
10.7.1 Agitated Vacuum Dryers
10.7.2 Agitated Conical Dryers/Agitated Conical Screw Dryers
10.7.3 Agitated Filter Dryer
10.8 Heat Pump Drying
10.9 Microwave-Assisted Drying
10.9.1 Parameters Influencing Microwave Drying
10.9.1.1 Dielectric Property
10.9.1.2 Moisture
10.9.1.3 Microwave Energy Intensity
10.9.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of Microwave-Assisted Drying
10.9.2.1 Advantages
10.9.2.2 Drawbacks
10.9.3 Combined Application of Microwave Drying
10.9.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Vacuum Drying
10.9.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Hot Air Drying
10.9.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Freeze Drying
References
Index