Pests cause economic damage to crops and stored products, while vectors are responsible for the transmission of disease-causing agents in human beings and livestock. Although the application of synthetic pesticides in agriculture has given immediate relief, it has also caused well-known side effects, leading to a general consensus among entomologists and agriculturists to shift towards other ecofriendly pest management. Insect natural enemies consisting of predators, parasitoids, and pathogens have attracted the attention of scientists across the globe. These natural enemies exist in agroecosystems and suppress the populations of pests. Parasitoids are farmers’ friends and the most successful group of natural enemies. Highly specialised in their host choice, the female parasitoid searches for a suitable host to lay eggs and larvae in, on or near the hosts. Exploiting this potency of parasitoids may yield successful results in controlling notorious pests in an ecofriendly way.
This book covers information on the important biocontrol agents effective in pest suppression. It starts with insect parasitic groups followed by specific groups of parasitoids. It is hoped that the book presents a comprehensive account of beneficial parasitoirds, and will be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of Entomology, Biological Control, Plant Protection, Agricultural Zoology, and Zoology, besides those involved in competitive examinations and policy planning.
Features
Each chapter has been written by very experienced specialists
Every chapter includes Learning Objectives and Points to Remember
This book offers comprehensive knowledge of parasitoids and their application in pest management in a rational way
Author(s): Omkar
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 370
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editor Biography
Contributors
1. Insect Parasitoids
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Order: Diptera
1.2.1 Family: Cecidomyiidae
1.2.2 Family: Nemestrinidae
1.2.3 Family: Bombyliidae
1.2.4 Family: Asilidae
1.2.5 Family: Phoridae
1.2.6 Family: Pipunculidae
1.2.7 Family: Tachinidae
1.2.8 Family: Sarcophagidae
1.3 Order: Coleoptera
1.3.1 Family: Carabidae
1.3.2 Family: Scarabidae
1.3.3 Family: Rhipiceridae
1.3.4 Family: Cleridae
1.3.5 Family: Rhipiphoridae
1.3.6 Family: Meloidae
1.3.7 Family: Passandridae
1.3.8 Family: Bothrideridae
1.3.9 Family: Curculionidae
1.4 Order: Lepidoptera
1.4.1 Family: Epipyropidae
1.4.2 Family: Cyclotornidae
1.5 Order: Hymenoptera
1.5.1 Family: Braconidae
1.5.2 Family: Ichneumonidae
1.5.3 Family: Mymaridae
1.5.4 Family: Trichogrammatidae
1.5.5 Family: Eulophidae
1.5.6 Family: Elasmidae
1.5.7 Family: Pteromalidae
1.5.8 Family: Encyrtidae
1.5.9 Family: Aphelindae
1.5.10 Family: Eupelmidae
1.5.11 Family: Chalcididae
1.5.12 Family: Eurytomidae
1.5.13 Family: Torymidae
1.5.14 Family: Ormyridae
1.5.15 Family: Leucopsidae
1.5.16 Family: Euchartidae
1.5.17 Family: Perilampidae
1.5.18 Family: Signiphoridae
1.5.19 Family: Eucoilidae
1.5.20 Family: Figitidae
1.5.21 Family: Platygatseridae
1.5.22 Family: Scelonidae
1.5.23 Family: Bethylidae
1.6 Order: Neuroptera
1.6.1 Family: Mantispidae
1.7 Conclusions
1.8 Points to Remember
References
2. Ichneumonid Parasitoids
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Systematic Account
2.1.2 Life History
2.2 Biological Control Utilising Ichneumonidae
2.2.1 Subfamilies of Indian Ichneumonidae
2.3 Mass Rearing
2.4 Conclusions
2.5 Points to Remember
References
3. Braconid Parasitoids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diagnosis and Key Characters
3.2.1 Classification - Subfamily and Tribes
3.2.2 List of Subfamilies and Tribes Reported from India
3.3 Molecular Characterisation and Phylogeny
3.3.1 Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Glyptapanteles
3.3.2 Biodiversity and Species Richness
3.4 Sexual Dimorphism
3.5 Biology
3.5.1 Braconid Parasitoids of Recent Invasive Pest
3.5.2 Immature Taxonomy
3.5.3 Integrative Taxonomy
3.5.4 Taxonomic Problems
3.5.5 Economic Importance
3.5.6 Collection and Preservation Techniques
3.5.7 Workers on Indian Fauna
3.6 Conclusions
3.7 Points to remember
References
4. Aphidiinae Parasitoids (Braconidae: Hymenoptera)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Diversity and Zoogeographical Distribution
4.2.1 Diversity in India and Adjacent Countries
4.3 Fossil Aphidiines
4.4 Collection, Rearing and Identification
4.5 Biology
4.6 Foraging
4.7 Hyperparasitoids
4.8 Diapause
4.9 Host Parasitoid Relationship
4.10 Population Dynamics
4.11 Effective Aphidiine Biocontrol Agents
4.11.1 Success Story
4.11.1.1 Biocontrol of Walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) in USA
4.11.1.2 Biocontrol of Citrus Aphids, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii BdF in France
4.11.1.3 Biocontrol of Rose-grain Aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) in Australia
4.11.1.4 Biocontrol of Brown Peach Aphid, Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky) in Yemen
4.11.1.5 Biocontrol of Cypress Aphid, Cinara cupressivora Watson & Voegtlin in Africa
4.11.1.6 Biocontrol of Aphis gossypii Glover on Cucurbits in India
4.11.1.7 Biocontrol of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover on Chrysanthemums in Greenhouse
4.12 Mass Rearing
4.13 Constraints of Using Aphidiines in Biocontrol
4.14 Conclusions
4.15 Points to Remember
Acknowledgments
References
5. Pteromalid Parasitoids
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Identification Features
5.1.2 Brief History and Systematic Position
5.2 Diversity of Pteromalidae
5.3 Biology
5.4 Effective Biocontrol Agents
5.4.1 Mass Rearing
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Points to Remember
References
6. Encyrtid Parasitoids
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Systematic Position
6.1.2 India
6.2 Characteristics of Encyrtidae
6.3 Biology
6.4 Effective Encyrtid Biocontrol Agents
6.5 Mass Rearing of Important Encyrtid Parasitoids
6.6 Case Studies
6.7 Conclusions
6.8 Points to Remember
References
7. Chalcidoid Parasitoids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diversity and Distribution of Chalcids
7.3 Common and Effective Parasitoids and Their Hosts
7.3.1 Some Successful Biocontrol Parasitoids in India
7.3.1.1 Family Aphelinidae
7.3.1.2 Family Encyrtidae
7.3.1.3 Family Eulophidae
7.3.1.4 Family Trichogrammatidae
7.4 Characteristics of Effective Biocontrol Agents
7.5 Rearing Techniques, Mass Production and Field Application
7.6 Threat and Conservation Status
7.7 Conclusions
7.8 Points to be Remember
Acknowledgements
References
8. Eulophid Parasitoids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Characters for Identification
8.3 Diversity and Biology
8.4 History of Eulophidae Research
8.4.1 Taxonomic Position of Eulophidae
8.4.2 Studies on Euophid Fauna of the World
8.4.3 Eulophid Research in India
8.4.4 Exploration of Eulophids as Biocontrol Agents
8.5 Host Parasitoid Index of Eulophid Parasitoids in India
8.6 Mass Rearing of Important Eulophid Parasitoids
8.6.1 Mass Multiplication of Tamarixia Radiata
8.6.2 Mass Multiplication of Tetrastichushowardii
8.6.3 Mass Multiplication of Tetrastichusisraeli and Trichospiluspupivora
8.7 Successful Biocontrol Agents
8.8 Conclusions
8.9 Points to Remember
References
9. Trichogrammatid Parasitoids
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Systematics
9.3 History and Classification
9.4 Size and Distribution
9.5 Diversity and Host Range
9.6 Biology
9.7 Ecology and Behaviour
9.8 Geographical Strains of Trichogrammatids
9.9 Improvement of Trichogrammatids
9.10 Mass Production and Biological Control
9.11 Release Strategies of Trichogrammatids
9.12 Conclusions
9.13 Points to Remember
Acknowledgements
References
10. Scelionid Parasitoids
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Systematic Position
10.2 Characteristics of Scelionidae
10.2.1 Diagnosistic Characters of Scelionidae
10.3 Diversity of Scelionidae
10.4 Biology
10.5 Effective Scelionid Biocontrol Agents
10.6 Scelionids in Biocontrol Programs
10.6.1 Successful Biocontrol Programs in India, Using Scelionidae (Singh, 2004)
10.7 Conclusions
10.8 Points to Remember
References
11. Aphelinid Parasitoids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Distribution and Diversity
11.3 Biology
11.4 Hosts of Aphelinid Parasitoids
11.5 Important Parasitoids
11.5.1 Genus: aphelinus Dalman
11.5.2 Genus: Aphytis Howard
11.5.3 Genus: Botryoideclava Subba Rao
11.5.4 Genus: Centrodora Foerster
11.5.5 Genus: Coccobius Ratzeburg
11.5.6 Genus: Coccophagoides Girault
11.5.7 Genus: Coccophagus Westwood
11.5.8 Genus: Encarsia Foerster
11.5.9 Genus: Eretmocerus Haldeman
11.5.10 Genus: Eriaphytis Hayat
11.5.11 Genus: Marlattiella Howard
11.5.12 Genus: Paraphytis Compere
11.5.13 Genus: Proaphelinoides Girault
11.5.14 Genus: Protaphelinus Mackauer
11.5.15 Genus: Pteroptrix Westwood
11.5.16 Genus: Umairia Hayat
11.6 Mass Production
11.6.1 Encarsiaperniciosi
11.6.2 Aphelinus Mali
11.6.3 Aphytis Melinus
11.6.4 Aphytis Proclia
11.7 Role in Biological Control
11.8 Field Release Across the Globe
11.9 Success Stories
11.10 Conclusions
11.11 Points to Remember
References
12. Beneficial Diptera
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Phylogeny and Classification
12.1.2 Habits and Habitat
12.1.3 Ecosystem Services
12.1.4 Life Cycle and Developmental Stages
12.1.5 Feeding Behaviour
12.2 Carnivory in Diptera: Predators, Parasites and Parasitoids
12.2.1 Evolution of Carnivory in Diptera
12.2.2 Diptera Predators
12.2.3 Diptera Parasitoids
12.2.4 Biology of Diptera Parasitoids
12.3 Rearing, Mass Production, and Field Application of Diptera Parasitoids
12.3.1 In-vivo Rearing Technique
12.3.2 In-vitro Rearing Technique
12.3.3 Adult Rearing and Management
12.3.4 Storage and Transportation of Reared Flies
12.4 The Future of Dipterans as Biocontrol Agents
12.5 Conclusions
12.6 Points to Remember
References
Index
