Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Chemical Analysis and Diagnostics

Cover
Paper-based Analytical Devices for Chemical Analysis and Diagnostics
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
Dedication
Preface
1 Introduction remarks for paper-based analytical devices and timeline
1.1 Introduction
References
2 Chemistry of paper—properties, modification strategies, and uses in bioanalytical chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Paper fabrication
2.2.1 Material preparation
2.2.2 Pulping process and extraction of the cellulose
2.2.3 Bleaching
2.2.4 Refining, drying, and paper manufacturing
2.3 Strategies using the dissolution of cellulose to manufacture sensing inks
2.4 Properties of existing unmodified papers
2.5 Paper modification approaches for chemical sensing
2.6 Thermal treatment of cellulose
2.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 Paper-based separation devices
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Paper-based devices for electrophoretic separations
3.2.1 Electrophoresis
3.2.2 Isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis
3.3 Paper-based devices for chromatographic separations
3.3.1 Electrochemical detection
3.3.2 Colorimetric detection
3.3.3 Chemiluminescence detection
3.3.4 Fluorescence detection
3.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Colorimetric paper-based analytical devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical aspects of colorimetric detection
4.2.1 Surface oxidation and addition of nanomaterials and biopolymers
4.3 Colorimetric reaction methodology
4.3.1 Enzymatic reaction
4.3.2 Redox indicator
4.3.3 pH indicator
4.3.4 Nanoparticles
4.3.5 Complexation reaction
4.4 Detection and readout system
4.4.1 Office scanner
4.4.2 Smartphone
4.4.3 Visual detection
4.4.4 Comparison of image digitalization methods
4.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
5 Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Principles of the electrochemical measurements using electrochemical paper-based analytical devices
5.3 Paper standardization and area definition
5.3.1 Patterning nonconductive materials on the paper surface
5.3.2 Electrodes fabrication by conductive patterning tracks on paper
5.4 The fabrication processes of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices and their applications
5.4.1 Screen-printing and stencil printing
5.4.2 Digital printing and printer fabrication process without the use of masks
5.4.3 Photolithography and sputtering
5.4.4 Drop-casting
5.4.5 Pencil-drawing
5.4.6 Graphite leads and wire materials as electrodes on paper
5.4.7 Filtration
5.4.8 Pyrolysis process
5.4.9 Laser-scribing
5.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering paper-based analytical devices
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Raman spectroscopy: a historical perspective
6.1.2 Theoretical fundamentals of Raman spectroscopy and SERS
6.2 Raman enhancement nanostructures onto paper substrates: characteristics and fabrication methods
6.2.1 Gold-based nanostructures
6.2.2 Silver-based nanostructures
6.2.3 Gold and silver composites nanostructures
6.3 Applications of paper and cellulose-based SERS devices
6.3.1 Health applications: diagnostic and therapeutics
6.3.2 Environmental applications: food, dairy products, beverages and water safety
6.3.3 Other applications
6.4 Concluding remarks and perspectives
6.5 Acknowledgements
References
7 Chemiluminescence paper-based analytical devices
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Design and fabrication techniques for chemiluminescence-microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
7.3 Detection of chemiluminescence Signals on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
7.3.1 Commercial luminescence analyzers
7.3.2 Miniaturized photomultiplier
7.3.3 Charge-coupled devices and digital cameras
7.3.4 Smartphones
7.3.5 Other tools and instruments
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 Fluorescent paper-based analytical devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fluorescent materials
8.2.1 Organic dyes
8.2.2 Metal nanoclusters
8.2.3 Carbon dots
8.2.4 Quantum dots
8.2.5 Upconversion nanoparticles
8.3 Fluorescent response
8.3.1 Brightness-based response
8.3.1.1 Fluorescence “turn-off”
8.3.1.2 Fluorescence “turn-on”
8.3.2 Color-based response
8.3.2.1 Ratiometric fluorescence with one reference signal
8.3.2.2 Ratiometric fluorescence with two reversible signal changes
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Electrochemiluminescence paper-based analytical devices
9.1 Background
9.1.1 Electrochemiluminescence
9.1.2 Paper devices and electrochemiluminescence
9.2 Paper-device fabrication methods
9.2.1 Paper types
9.2.2 Fabrication of hydrophobic barriers
9.3 Fabrication of electrodes onto paper
9.3.1 Screen printing
9.3.2 Bipolar electrodes
9.3.3 Hybrid devices
9.4 Electrochemiluminescence sensing strategies
9.4.1 Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays
9.4.2 Aptamer-based electrochemiluminescence assays
9.4.3 Signal amplification
9.5 Potential control and detection: work toward portable devices
9.5.1 Potential control
9.5.2 Detection
9.6 Integrated devices
9.7 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Paper-based immunoassays for mobile healthcare: strategies, challenges, and future applications
10.1 Clinical value of paper-based immunoassays
10.2 The strategies of paper-based immunoassay for mobile healthcare
10.3 The challenges of paper-based immunoassay approaches for mobile healthcare
10.4 Future applications of paper-based immunoassays for mobile healthcare
10.5 Glossary
Acknowledgments
References
11 Conclusions, challenges, and next steps
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Challenges in fluid transport
11.1.2 Challenges of colorimetric detection
11.1.3 Challenges of electrochemical paper-based devices
11.2 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index