This book shows the importance of rice for human consumption. It focuses on the rice panicle, its morphology and characteristics.
High genetic diversity of rice has been economically profitable for mankind; the crop provides food calories to half of the human race on earth and because of its adaptability to diversified and unstable ecological conditions, the plant has an asynchronous flowering system in the panicle. The International Rice Research Institute has a collection of panicles with numerous branching phenotypes and lengths varying from 10 to 43 cm. Due to the heterogeneous architecture, grain filling depends on the position of the spikelet within a panicle. Spikelets on apical branches fertilize early and fill faster compared to their basal counterparts and therefore, individual grain weights of panicle vary widely. The discrepancy in grain filling between spikelets changes with panicle architecture but the relationship of variation in individual grain weight with panicle architecture has not been studied. Spikelet number has increased highly in the newly developed rice cultivars, but it has no benefit accrued on grain filling and yield.
This book is recommended for students, researchers and teachers working in this field of expertise.
Author(s): Pravat K. Mohapatra, Binod Bihari Sahu
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 334
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Importance of Rice as Human Food
Introduction
Rice Is Unique
Rice in Different Parts of the Globe
Rice for Food Security
Origin and Biodiversity
Dissemination of Rice
Demand for More Production from Rice Lands
Increase in Rice Production and Consumption
Breaking the Yield Frontier of Rice
Measurement of Yield Potential of Rice
Method 1
Assumptions
Calculation
Method 2
New Calculations for Yield Potential
Low Yielding Traditional Rice
The First Approach to Improve Yield Potential
New Plant Type Rice
The Second Approach to Improve Yield Potential
Demerits of Hybrid Rice
Phenotypic Modification of Rice with the Progress of Time
Salient Features of Different Rice Cultivars
Traditional Rice
Semidwarf High Yielding Rice
New Plant Type Rice
Hybrid Rice
Super Rice
References
Chapter 2: Botany of Rice Plant
Taxonomy of Rice Plant
Karyotype of the Rice Genome
Characteristics of the Rice Plant
Morphology of Rice Plant
Vegetative Phase
Reproductive Phase
Organs of the Rice Plant
Root System
Shoot System
Tillering
Leaf
Leaf-Sheath
Lamina
Auricles
Panicle
Structural Organization
Spikelet
Rice Grain
Grain Yield
Grain Yield Components
References
Chapter 3: Ontogeny of Organ Development in Rice Plant
Vegetative Stage and Leaf Development
Phaseic Development
Primordium Development
Formation of Terminal Spikelet
Staging of Panicle Development
Booting Stage
Heading Stage
Anthesis (Flowering)
Events of Anthesis
The Culmination of the Reproductive Stage
Genes Involved in Panicle Organogenesis
References
Chapter 4: Fertilization and Seed Development in Rice
Dehiscence of Anther
Pollination
Germination of Pollen
Fertilization
First Fertilization
Second Fertilization
Embryo Development
Endosperm Development
Nuclear Stage
Cellular Stage
Differentiation and Development of Endosperm Cells
Aleurone Layers
Parenchymatous Tissue for Storage of Starch
Storage of Food Reserve
Ripening Phase
Seed of Rice
Parts of Rice Grain and their Composition
Hull
Pericarp
Seed Coat
Endosperm
Chemical Composition of Rice Grain
References
Chapter 5: The Cellular Basis of Rice Seed Growth
Phases of Seed Growth
Cell Cycle Types During Endosperm Development
Endoreduplication
Functions of Endoreduplication
Cell Cycle Regulators
Endoreduplication in Rice Seed
Programmed Cell Death (PCD)
References
Chapter 6: Genetic Analyses of Floral Development on Rice Panicle
Spikelet Development
Floret Development
Genetic Mechanism of Flower Development
MADS-Box Genes of Rice Spikelet
Lemma and Palea Development
Lodicule Development
Stamen Development
Abnormalities of Megagametophyte Development
References
Chapter 7: Diversity of Panicle Architecture and Traits Influencing Grain Filling
The Uniqueness of Rice Biodiversity
Diversity of Panicle Architecture
Determination of Branch and Spikelet Number in Panicle
The Difference in Termination Mode of Rachis and Branch Meristems
Identification of QTLs for Grain Yield
Cumulative Genes
QTLs for Yield Components
Analyses of Population Structure
Molecular Genetics of Panicle Meristems
Regulation of Panicle Architecture Using Genetic Mutants
APO, DEP, TAW, and LAX Genes
FZP Gene
Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase Gene
Wealthy Farmer’s Panicle
Genes Controlling Panicle Length
QTLs for Panicles Per Plant
QTLs for Tiller Number
QTLs for Grain Weight
QTLs for Grain Size
References
Chapter 8: Change of Panicle Architecture During Domestication
Domestication
Domestication Syndromes
Shape of Panicle
Relationship of Panicle Architecture with Grain Filling Characteristics
Genotype and Environment Interaction Determines Architectural Variation
Modification of Panicle Architecture for Improved Grain Filling
High Panicle Spikelet Number for High Yield
Relationship of Panicle Architecture with Grain Filling
High Spikelet Laxity Associated with Yield Loss
References
Chapter 9: Physiology of Variation in Individual Grain Weight of Rice Panicle
Grain Filling in Rice Spikelet
Heterogeneity of Spikelet Development
The Difference in the Growth of Superior and Inferior Spikelets
Quality Variation of Individual Grains
Assimilate Partitioning
Assimilate Pool Is High in Inferior Spikelets
Inter-Spikelet Dominance in Grain Filling
Pathway of Assimilate Transport in Rice Caryopsis
Movement of Solutes
Movement of Assimilates and Water in Developing Caryopsis
The Function of the Pericarp in Assimilate Transport
Bulk Flow of Solutes Irrespective of the Concentration Gradient
Sucrose Transporter
Role of a Turgor Homeostat in Rice Caryopsis
References
Chapter 10: Enzymes Controlling Starch Biosynthesis
Sub-Optimal Sink Strength Undermines Grain Filling
Starch Biosynthesis Begins with the Entry of Phloem Sucrose
Synthesis of Grain Starch
Enzymes for Starch Biosynthesis
Entry of Sucrose into Starch Biosynthesis Pathway
Sucrose Synthase
ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)
Starch Synthase
Starch Branching Enzyme (BE)
Expression Profile of the Genes Controlling the Activity of Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes
Sucrose Synthase Gene Expression
ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Gene Expression
Starch Synthase and Starch Branching Enzyme
References
Chapter 11: Hormonal Regulation of Spikelet Development
Hormones as Limiting Factor for the Disparity in Grain Filling of Spikelets
Role of Hormones in Inter Spikelet Dominance
Positive Regulators for Grain Growth
Role of Individual Hormones
Auxins
Auxin Biosynthesis
Auxin Transport
Auxin Signaling
Auxin Regulates Rice Growth and Development
Auxin Response on Panicle Architecture and Grain Development
Panicle Architecture
Grain Development
Auxin Biosynthesis Genes
Gibberellins
Properties of Gibberellins
Biosynthesis of Gibberellins
Gibberellin Action
Expression of sd1 Allele
GA-regulated Gene Promoting Cell Elongation
Gibberellin Effects on Rice Spikelet Development
Cytokinins
Properties and Structure of Cytokinins
Cytokinin Biosynthesis in Rice
Isopentenyl Transferase (IPT) Gene
KNOX1 Transcription Factor for IPT Activity
LONELY GUY Genes
Cytokinin Oxidase (CKX) Gene
Cytokinin Signal Transduction
Cytokinin Response in Rice
CLV Pathway Genes Controlling Cytokinin Abundance of Rice
Genetic Mutations Regulating Cytokinin Biosynthesis
APO 1 Allele
DEP 1 Allele
WFP Allele
Cytokinin Effects on Grain Filling of Rice
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Introduction
Chemical Structure and Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid
ABA Signal Transduction in Plant Cell
First Pathway
Second Pathway
ABA Regulates the Growth and Development of Rice Panicle
ABA Improves the Activities of Endosperm Starch Synthesizing Enzymes
Endogenous ABA Biosynthesis High in Superior Spikelets
ABA Sucrose Synergy Regulates Endosperm Starch Synthesis
ABA Interacts with Cytokinin, Auxin, and Ethylene
Ethylene
Introduction
Chemical Structure
Ethylene Synthesis and Breakdown
Ethylene Signaling
Dynamics of Ethylene Production During Rice Panicle Development
Ethylene Controls Spikelet Development
Boot ethylene Infringes Pericarp Functions
Ethylene Production Underscores Yield Barriers
Ethylene Perception Induces Over-Expression of Its Signal Transducers
Ethylene is a Retrograde Signal for Endosperm Starch Biosynthesis
Ethylene Down-Regulates Expression of Genes Encoding starch Biosynthesizing Enzymes
Inverse Relationship of Ethylene with Starch Synthesis
The interplay of Ethylene with Other Hormones
Interaction of Ethylene with Other Hormones in Different Plant Organs
Ethylene Interaction with ABA and IAA
Ethylene is the Second Messenger for Auxin Signal
Ethylene Interaction with Polyamines During Grain Filling
Chemical Structure of Polyamines
Chemical Structure of Polyamine
Polyamine Effects on Grain Filling
Brassinosteroids
Properties of Brassinosteroids
Biosynthesis of Brassinosteroids
Early Oxidation Pathway
Late Oxidation Pathway
BR-signaling Cascade
Brassinosteroids and Grain Filling of Rice
Gene Manipulation for Brassinosteroid Synthesis in Rice
Brassinosteroid Interaction with Gibberellins
Chapter 12: Effects of Environmental Stresses on Grain Filling of Rice Panicle
Climate Change and Food Security
Stress Effects on Panicle Morphology of Rice
Genes/QTLs for Stress Tolerance
Drought Tolerance
Flooding Tolerance
Salinity Tolerance
Hormone Homeostasis Under Perturbed Environment
References
Chapter 13: Designer Rice in Quest of High Grain Filling
The Gap Between Potential and Actual Yields
Manipulation of Panicle Architecture
Spikelet-Specific Grain Filling
Change of Panicle Architecture in Rice Antiquity
Designer Rice Panicle
Thematics for Architectural Changes
Spikelet Development Pre-Ordained in the Early Reproductive Phase
Changes of Hormonal Balance in Transitional Stages
Hormones for Organ Differentiation
Manipulation of Hormones
FZP Controlling Meristem Identity
Promotion of Higher-Order Branching
Change Over to the Indeterminate Pattern
Homogeneity in Secondary Branching of Primary Branches
Cylindrical Panicle Architecture for Designer Rice
Designing Panicle with Multi-Floret Spikelets
References
