Global public health is under constant strain, due to recent, ongoing, and potential global health crises especially in connection with emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented eruption of pandemics and epidemics spurred by globalization, climate change and population explosion. The book Pandemics and Global Health portrays a bird's eye view about pandemics and global public health in the 21st century. The pandemic has caused untold human suffering, social upheavals and a crippled economy which have wreaked havoc globally. This book is useful for academicians, policy makers, scholars, researchers, health professionals and people involved in combating epidemics and pandemics.
Author(s): Nitha Balan, Manuel Thomas
Series: Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 395
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Pandemics and Global Health in the 21st Century
Abstract
Introduction
Reasons Behind Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases
Endemic (Greek en Meaning in and Demos Meaning People)
Epidemic (Greek Epi Meaning Upon or Above and Demos Meaning People)
Pandemic (Greek Pan Meaning All and Demos Meaning People)
Stages of a Pandemic
Pandemics and Global Health
Climate Change and Disease Emergence
Conclusıon
References
Chapter 2
Epidemics and Pandemics: The Kerala Model
Abstract
Pandemics and Epidemics: An Introduction
COVID-19 Virus: Origin and Characteristics
Kerala: Demography and Local Setting
Epidemics in Kerala
Nipah Outbreaks: A Learning Experience to Kerala
Novel Coronavirus in Kerala
How Did Kerala Tackle the Pandemic?
Close Monitoring and Screening
Early Diagnosis of Passengers from Abroad
Screening at State Borders
Quarantine System and Testing
Sentinel Surveillance
Incessant Treatment Facilities for the Needy
Educating the Society
Print, Visual and Social Media Campaigns
Managing Guest Workers
Infrastructures Engaged in Supporting the Healthcare System
COVID Specialised Treatment Centres
Disha and Norka
Manpower Support System Involved
Kerala Police
Asha Workers and Kudumbashree
Volunteering Services
Present Scenario of the State
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Human Diaspora and Pandemics: A Review in the Context of COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Coronavirus Pandemic in the World
Coronavirus Hit Intensity Induced by Population Dispersal Intensity
Present Scenario of COVID-19 in the World
A Virtual Relationship of Airport and COVID-19 in the World
A Virtual Relationship of COVID-19, Aviation and Migration in the Indian Context
Epidemic in India
Lockdown and Interstate Migration
The Indian Diaspora
How Is COVID-19 Hitting India?
COVID-19 and Return Migration in the Indian Context
‘Samudra Setu’ and Return Migration
Vande Bharat Mission
Migration from India
Diaspora of Kerala towards COVID-19 and Vande Baharat Mission
COVID-19 in Kerala Context
Migration Trend of Keralite from 1998 to 2018
Return Migration by Indian Navy in COVID-19 Period
Vande Bharat Mission in Kerala
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendix 1. Consolidated Data of COVID-19 Cases in Relations with Airports, Distance and Days After the Report from China
References
Chapter 4
The Role of Vaccines in Public Health
Abstract
Introduction
Value of Childhood Combination Vaccines
Importance of Veterinary Vaccines to Animal Health and Public Health
Types of Vaccines
Flavivirus Vaccines
Dengue Virus Vaccines
Gonorrhoea and Gonococcal Vaccines
Influenza Vaccine
Melioidosis Biodefense Vaccine
Pneumococcal Vaccines
Rotavirus Vaccines
Tuberculosis Vaccine
Hepatitis Vaccine
Modern Vaccines
RNA-Based Technologies
Genomics-Based Antigen Selection
Structural Vaccinology
Proteomics Based Antigen Selection Approaches
Transcriptomics
COVID-19 Vaccines
Anti-Vaccination Attitude among Public
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
A Review on COVID-19 Vaccines
Abstract
Introduction
Covaxin
ZyCOV-D
Serum Institute of India’s Covishield Vaccine
Live Attenuated Vaccines
Sputnik
Pfizers-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine
Moderna Vaccine
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Vaccination and Public Health
Abstract
Introduction
Background Information
Impact of Vaccines
Future of Vaccination
Vaccine Growth
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Pandemics: A Travel through Historic Times
Abstract
Introduction
The Athenian Plague 430 BC
The Antonine Plague
The Justinian Plague
The Black Death
Spanish Flu (1918- 1920)
HIV Pandemic
Smallpox (1972)
SARS
Swine Flu or H1N1/09 Pandemic
Ebola (2014- 2016)
Zika (2015- 2016)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Tumultuous Epidemics in India: A Historic Overview
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemics
Types
Transmission
Cholera Pandemics I-VI (1817-1899)
Bombay Plague Epidemic (1896)
Polio Epidemic (1970-1990)
Smallpox Epidemic (1974)
Plague (1994)
Meningococcal Meningitis Epidemic (2005)
Dengue Outbreak (2006)
Chikungunya Outbreak (2006)
Gujarat Hepatitis Outbreak (2009)
Odisha Jaundice Outbreak (2014-2015)
Swine Flu Outbreak (2014-2015)
Encephalitis Outbreak (2017)
Nipah Virus Outbreak (2018)
Malaria and TB Continue to Grip India
Coronavirus (2019)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Rise of Microbes and Pandemics in Shaping Human Civilization
Abstract
Introduction
Plague
“Spanish Flu” Pandemic (1918–1920)
HIV Pandemic (1980)
Smallpox Outbreak in Former Yugoslavia (1972)
Nipah (1999)
SARS (2003)
MERS (2012)
Ebola Outbreak (2014–2016)
ZIKA (2015–2016)
Corona Virus (2019)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
COVID-19 Pandemic: A Boon or Bane for Nature
Abstract
Introduction
Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment during Lockdown Period
Reduction of Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reduction of Water Pollution
Reduction of Noise Pollution
Tourism and Ecosystem Balance
Effect of COVID-19 on the Environment during Post Lockdown Period
A New Future
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
Mental Health Issues in COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Mental Health Issues in COVID-19
Children and COVID-19
Influence of Social Media on COVID-19
First COVID-19 Suicide Case in Bangladesh
Remedy Measures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
The Impact of COVID-19 on Youngsters
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Study
Material and Methods
Result and Discussion
Suggestions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
The Pandemic and Its Impacts with a Special Focus on COVID-19 Situation in India
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Result and Discussion
Features of Pandemic
Pandemic Impact
Health Effects
Economics Impacts
Social Impacts
Security Impacts
COVID-19 Pandemic
Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown
Background of COVID-19 Pandemic in India
COVID-19 and Farming in India
Lockdown and Impacts on Agriculture Production
Lockdown and Impacts on Trade and Tourism
Lockdown and Impacts on Education
Lockdown and Impacts on Media Sectors
Lockdown and Impacts on Health
Lockdown and Impacts on Vulnerable People
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
The Pandemic AIDS
Abstract
Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV Structure
Viral Genes and Antigens
Antigenic Variation and Diversity
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features of HIV Infection
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Confirmatory Test
Rapid Tests
HIV Antigen Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
The Plague Pandemic
Abstract
Introduction
Great World Pandemics
Justinian Plague of 541-544
The ‘Black Death’ of Europe in 1347 to 1352
The Third Pandemic of 1894
Plague: A Bioterrorist Agent
Etiology
Morphology
Culture
Identification Tests
Biotypes of Yersinia pestis
Epidemiology
Vectors
Reservoir
Antigens
Other Possible Virulence Determinants Include
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Bubonic Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Septicemic Plague
Diagnosis
Lab Diagnosis in the Rat
Autopsy
Microscopic Demonstration
Culture
Animal Inoculation
Serological Tests
Passive Hemagglutination Test
Direct Demonstration
Culture
Animal Inoculation
Serology
Molecular Methods
Antibiotic Treatment
Prophylactic Measures
Vaccines
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Future Pandemics: Agents, Potential and Impacts
Abstract
Introduction
Crimean-Congo Heamorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Ebola
Signs and Symptoms
Prevention and Treatment
Marburg
Symptoms
Prevention and Treatment
Viral Infections by Corona Virus
Symptoms
Prevention and Treatment
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-Cov)
Symptoms
Prevention and Control
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-Cov-2)
Hanta Virus
Symptoms
Adeno Virus
Symptoms
Prevention and Treatment
Disease X
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetics
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of Coronavirus
Common Features of Coronaviruses Include
Viral Entry and Pathophysiology
Why Are Diabetic Patients More Prone to COVID-19?
DPP-4 Receptor
The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) Receptor
COVID-19 Impact on Diabetes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18
Pandemics and Ethnomedicine
Abstract
Introduction
Ethnomedicine in Pandemics
COVID-19
Advantages of Plant-Based Formulations in Pandemics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19
Identification of Active Plant Constituents to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by Molecular Docking Studies: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Introduction
Particularities of the Virus
Remedies from Plant Sources
Caffeic Acid
Scopoletin
Quercetin
Catechin
Chlorogenic Acid
Palmatine
Mangiferin
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20
Pandemics in European Literature: A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Pandemic Fictions
Pandemic Non-Fictions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21
Impact of COVID-19 and Lockdown on India’s Foreign Trade
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
About the Editors
Index
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