Pandemic in the Metropolis: Transportation Impacts and Recovery

Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Introduction
1 Book Organization
2 Summary of Contributions
Impacts on Vulnerable Populations
Can I Borrow [for] Your Car? Income, Race, and Automobile Debt in California
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19, Consumers, and the Car
3 Data and Methods
4 Findings
4.1 Automobile Borrowing
4.2 Automobile Debt Burden
4.3 Automobile Loan Delinquencies
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Unhoused on the Move: Impact of COVID-19 on Homelessness in Transit Environments
1 Introduction
2 Prior Research
3 The Pandemic, Transit Operations, and Homelessness: Survey Findings
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Impact on Homelessness in Transit Settings
3.3 Increasing Challenges and Concerns
3.4 Responses to Homelessness
3.5 Partnerships
4 Strategies for Responding to Transit Homelessness: Interview Findings
4.1 Hub of Services
4.2 Mobile Outreach: Smaller Clinician/Social Worker Programs
4.3 Mobile Outreach: Comprehensive Outreach Programs
4.4 Discounted Fares
4.5 Transportation to Shelters
5 Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Workers and the Post-COVID Transportation Gig Economy
1 Introduction
2 Overarching Themes
3 Overview of Recent Studies
3.1 Labor Issues
3.2 Safety
3.3 The Environment
4 Under Reported (And Perhaps Unrealized) Benefits
5 The Future
References
Impacts on the Economy
LOST and Found: The Fall and Rise of Local Option Sales Taxes for Transportation in California Amidst the Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 LOSTs: An Overview
3 The COVID-19 Pandemic and LOST Revenues
4 Factors Affecting LOST Revenues During COVID-19
5 Discussion
References
E-Commerce and Mobility Trends During COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 E-Commerce
3 COVID, E-Commerce, and Transportation
4 Data
4.1 Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Data
4.2 Google COVID-19 Mobility Report
4.3 Content Square E-Commerce Impact Hub
5 Findings
5.1 Mobility: Home and Work
5.2 Mobility: Grocery and Retail
6 Conclusion
References
COVID-19 and Food Shopping: Results from California and Comparisons with China and South Korea
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review and Background
2.1 Food Shopping, Diets, and COVID-19
2.2 Restaurant Deliveries
2.3 Pre-pandemic Trends
3 Empirical Study
3.1 Survey
3.2 Data Analysis
3.3 Findings
3.4 Discussion and Conclusions
4 Impact of the Pandemic on e-Grocery and Meal Deliveries in China and South Korea
5 What Does the Future Hold for California?
References
Understanding and Modeling the Impacts of COVID-19 on Freight Trucking Activity
1 Introduction
2 Data and Site Description
2.1 Type of Sensor Infrastructure
2.2 Data Description
2.3 COVID-19 Timeline in California
2.4 Data Pre-processing
3 Truck Characterization for Highway Freight Activities Impacts by COVID-19
3.1 Drayage Truck Activity
4 Long- and Short-Haul Trailers and Domestic Containers
4.1 Long-Haul Trailers and Domestic Containers Identification
4.2 COVID-19 Impacts on Long- and Short-Haul Trailers and Domestic Containers Movements
5 Payload Analysis
5.1 Payload Characterization
5.2 Trailers and Domestic Containers Payload COVID-19 Impacts Analysis
6 Discussions and Takeaways
6.1 Drayage Movements
6.2 Long- and Short-Haul Movements
6.3 Payload Characteristics
References
Impacts on Environment and Safety
Traffic, Air Quality, and Environmental Justice in the South Coast Air Basin During California’s COVID-19 Shutdown
1 Introduction
2 Data and Methods
2.1 Mobility Data
2.2 Air Quality Data
2.3 Environmental Justice Data
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Vehicle Activity Trends
3.2 Human Activity Trends
3.3 Air Quality Trend
3.4 Community-Level Traffic Activity Shift
3.5 Mobility Activity Effects on Air Quality
4 Conclusions
5 Policy Implications
References
Climate and Fiscal Impacts from Reduced Fuel Use During COVID-19 Mitigation
1 Introduction
2 Pandemic Impacts on Travel
2.1 Changes in Traffic
2.2 Change in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.3 Reduction in Fuel Use and Tax Revenue
3 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Highway Crashes in California During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights and Considerations
1 Introduction
2 Data Sources and Methodology
2.1 Crash Data
2.2 Exposure Data
2.3 Crash Rates
3 Findings
4 Discussion
Appendix: Data Dashboard
References
Impacts on Mobility and Travel
Changes in Active Travel During the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 Sample Characteristics and Demographics
3 Findings
3.1 Broad Travel Changes
3.2 Group-Level Changes in Active Travel
3.3 Person-Level Mode Substitution
3.4 Changes in Daily Physical Activity
4 Transportation Planning and Policy Implications
5 Conclusions
References
Adoption of Telecommuting and Changes in Travel Behavior in Southern California During the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 Data Sources and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2 Residential Location and Distance from Work
3.3 Vehicle Access
3.4 Trip Frequencies by Mode
3.5 Trip Frequencies by Purpose
4 Conclusions
References
Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Telecommuting and Travel
1 Introduction
2 Data Sources
3 Telecommuting in California: Pre-Pandemic
4 Impacts of the Pandemic on Telecommuting
5 Impacts of the Pandemic on Activity and Travel
6 Summary and Policy Implications
6.1 General Observations
6.2 State-Specific Observations
References
The Impacts of Bus Use on COVID-19 Dispersion
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Data
3.1 COVID-19 Data
3.2 Transit Ridership Data
3.3 Demographic Data
3.4 Descriptive Statistics
4 Methodology
4.1 Imputing Bus Ridership
4.2 Empirical Approach
5 Results
6 Conclusion
Appendix: Technical Description of Bus Ridership Imputations
References
Responses and the Future
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Management Policies on Public Transportation Systems
1 Introduction
2 Evaluating and Optimizing Policies by Combining COVID-19 and Public Transportation Models
2.1 Model Framework
2.2 Contact Tracing
2.3 Pandemic Mechanism
3 Evaluating Policies Without Transportation Models
4 Policy Evaluation Results and Suggestions
4.1 Policy Results
4.2 Insights from Studies Combining COVID-19 and Transportation Models
5 Conclusions
References
Pandemic Transit: A National Look at the Shock, Adaptation, and Prospects for Recovery
1 Introduction
2 Public Transit Before and During the Pandemic
3 Survey of and Interviews with Transit Managers
4 Findings
5 Conclusion
References
Monitoring of Bus Transit in Bay Area During COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 The Monitored Transit Agencies
3 Geography and Population
4 Transit’s Response to the Pandemic
4.1 COVID-19 Service Adjustment
4.2 Fleet Management
4.3 Performance Evaluation
4.4 Paratransit
5 Takeaway Summary
References
COVID-19 and Transportation Revenue: Using Scenario Analysis to Project a Range of Plausible Futures
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 The Projection Models
2.2 The Recovery Scenarios
3 Findings
4 Conclusion
4.1 The Value of Scenario Analysis for Policymakers
4.2 Strategies for Conducting Effective Scenario Analysis
References
The Future of Public Transit and Shared Mobility: Policy Actions and Research Options for COVID-19 Recovery
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Scenario Planning Workshops
3 Scenario Worlds
3.1 Within 12 Months
3.2 One to Three Years
3.3 Four to Six Years
4 Actions to Take Within Each Timeframe
4.1 Within 12 Months (Timeframe One)
4.2 Actions to Take in 1 to 3 Years (Timeframe Two)
4.3 Actions to Take in 4 to 6 Years (Timeframe Three)
5 Integrated Policy Options/Actions
5.1 Key Actions for Public Transit Operators
5.2 Broader Policy Strategies Across Timeframes
6 Future Research Needs
7 Conclusions
References
Conclusion: Reflections and Lessons from the Pandemic
1 Vulnerable Populations
2 Economy
3 Mobility and Travel
4 Environment and Safety
5 Response and Need for Further Research
References