Pandemic and the City

Contents
The Pandemic and the City
1 The Pandemic Experience of the City
2 Synthesis of the Book
2.1 Cities, Cooperation, and Resilience in the Face of COVID-19
2.2 Comparative Approaches on Patterns and Effects of City and Location-Specific Policies and Socioeconomic Structures During COVID-19
2.3 Socioeconomic and Labor Market Effects of Pandemics on Cities and Local Economies
2.4 The Need for New Types of Data and Applications, and Existing Challenges in Analyzing the Effects of COVID-19 on Cities
3 Retrospect and Prospect
Cities, Cooperation, and Resilience in the Face of COVID-19
The Resilience of Cities to COVID-19: A Literature Review and Application to Dutch Cities
1 Introduction
2 Reviving the Death of Distance Discussion?
3 The Benefits and Costs of Location-Independent Work
4 Consequences for the Urban and Regional Economy
5 The Pandemic and Dutch Regions: Indications for Spikier Economies?
6 The Pandemic in the Four Largest Cities in the Netherlands
7 The Netherlands as a Special Case?
8 Conclusion and Research Agenda
References
A Subjective Geographer’s Experience of Pandemic and Confidence in Systems of Cities
1 Which Data Make Sense for a Geographer Facing Pandemics?
2 Towards a Geographical Understanding of the Pandemic
3 Can a “Break with the World Before” Be Predicted?
4 Knowledge Based Models for Predicting the Future of Urbanization
References
City and Regional Demand for Vaccines Whose Supply Arises from Competition in a Bertrand Duopoly
1 Introduction
2 The Theoretical Framework
3 Pricing and Profits
3.1 Pricing
3.2 Profits
4 Risky R&D
4.1 Firm Payoffs
4.2 Nash Equilibria
5 Increased Competition
5.1 A Decrease in c
5.2 Firm Incentives
6 Conclusions
References
Post Pandemic Cities—Competing for Size or Cooperating for Interaction an Analysis of the Evolution of Portuguese Municipalities Based on an Organic and Rational Spatial Interaction Growth Models
1 Introduction
2 Organic and Human Spatial Interaction Models
3 Data on Spatial Interaction Factors and on the Evolution of the Population
3.1 Data on Population
3.2 Data on the Spatial Interaction Permanent Potentials
4 Estimates of the Organic and Rational Spatial Interaction Growth Models
4.1 Estimation Process
4.2 Organic Spatial Interaction Growth Model
4.3 Rational Spatial Interaction Growth Model
5 Projections and Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Comparative Approaches on the Patterns and Effects of City and Location-Specific Policies and Socioeconomic Structures During COVID-19
The Social Digital Twin for Liveable Cities: A COVID-19 Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Synthetic Population
2.2 Probabilistic Activity modelling
2.3 Crowd Simulation
2.4 Case Study
3 Results
3.1 Tailored Digital twin design
3.2 COVID-19 Synthetic Population
4 Discussion and Future Work
4.1 Constraint and limitation
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Future work
5 Appendix 1
References
The Impact of Differing COVID-19 Mitigation Policies: Three Natural Experiments Using Difference-in-Difference Modelling
1 Background
2 The Diff-in-Diff Regression Model for COVID-19 Infections
3 Discussion and Results
4 Natural Experiments for the Neighboring State Comparisons
5 Stay@home Illinois (IL) and Not-stay@home Iowa (IA)
6 Stay@home Minnesota (MN) and Not-stay@home North and South Dakota (ND-SD)
7 Stay@home Mississippi (MS) and Not-stay@home Arkansas (AR)
8 Natural Experiments for the Neighboring State Border Counties Region Comparisons
9 Border County Region Between Stay@home Illinois (IL) and Not-stay@home Iowa (IA)
10 Counties Along the Border Between Stay@home Minnesota (MN) and the Combined State Boundary of Non-stay at Home North Dakota (ND) and South Dakota (SD)
11 Border County Region Between Stay@home Mississippi (MS) and Not-stay@home Arkansas (AR)
12 Conclusions and Future Research
References
On the Association Between Income Inequality and COVID Spread: A View into Spanish Functional Urban Areas
1 Introduction
2 Data and Preliminary Evidence
3 Empirical Analysis
4 Conclusions and Discussion
References
Urbanization Impact Arising from the Behavioral Shift of Citizens and Consumers in a Post-pandemic World
1 Introduction
2 Socio-economic Impact
2.1 Social Distancing—How It Impacted Urbanization
2.2 Post-pandemic Social Distancing Lift and Impact on Social Well-Being
2.3 Economic Impact During Pandemic World—Based on Epidemiological Models for Social Distancing
2.4 Economic Impact: How It Played Out in the Post-pandemic World
3 Education Impact and Urban Redesign
3.1 Education in Pandemic: Then and Now
4 Healthcare Impact and Urban Redesign
4.1 Importance of Telehealth in the Post-pandemic Era
4.2 Digital Psychiatry
4.3 Managing Mental Health Through Digital Transformation
4.4 Summary
5 Conclusion
References
The Socioeconomic and Labor Market Effects of Pandemics on Cities and Local Economies
What Happened After SARS in 2003? The Economic Impacts of a Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 The 2003 SARS Outbreak
3 Data and Methodology
3.1 Data
3.2 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 The Economic Impacts of SARS: Evidence from Asian Countries
4.2 The Economic Impacts of SARS: Evidence from Chinese Provinces
5 Robustness Checks
6 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Industrial Composition, Remote Working and Mobility Changes in Canada and the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A SHAP Value Analysis of XGBoost Predictions
1 Introduction
2 Variables, Data Sources and Theoretical Relevance
2.1 Google Mobility Data
2.2 Regional Characteristics
2.3 Government Response to the Pandemic
3 Empirical Application
4 Empirical Results
4.1 Work and Industries
4.2 Policies
4.3 Demographics
4.4 Spatial Effects
4.5 Interactions
5 Conclusion
References
The Need for New Types of Data and Applications, and Existing Challenges in Analysing the Effects of COVID-19 on Cities
Problems with Recording the Spread of COVID-19 in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Phone Survey in Indonesia
1 Introduction
2 Indonesia During the First Semester of the Pandemic
3 Private Initiatives of Estimating the Spread of COVID-19
3.1 Digital COVID-19 Information Collection Platforms
3.2 Online Survey Approach
3.3 Rapid Phone Survey Approach
3.4 Econometric Cross-Country Approach
4 Our Rapid Phone Survey
4.1 Survey Areas
4.2 Survey Implementation
5 Tracing COVID-19 Cases and Impacts
5.1 Principle of the Heuristic Algorithm
5.2 Estimated Cases of COVID-19 and Discussion
5.3 Impacts of the Pandemic
6 Sensitivity Analysis on the Estimated Cases of COVID-19
7 Conclusion
References
Pandemic Regional Recovery Index: An Adaptable Tool for Decision-Making on Regions
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Regional Resilience
2.2 Review of COVID-19 Indices
2.3 Granularity of Data
2.4 Recovery Index
2.5 International Results
2.6 Conclusion
References
The Geography of Daily Urban Spatial Mobility During COVID: The Example of Stockholm in 2020 and 2021
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Setting the Swedish Scene
4 The MIND Mobile Phone Data, Metrics, and Urban Data
4.1 The MIND Data
4.2 The Spatial Mobility Metrics
4.3 Urban Morphology and Social Geography
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
Social Justice, Digitalization, and Health and Well-Being in the Pandemic City
1 Introduction
2 Contextual Background
3 Theoretical Issues and Analytical Perspective
3.1 Social Justice and Social Determinants of Health
3.2 Digitalization and Pandemics
4 Artificial Intelligence, Pandemics, and Social Justice in the City
4.1 Social Justice Implications and Provocations
5 Critical Imperatives in Metrics Development
6 Conclusion
References