Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications

Front Cover
Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Oxygen reduction reaction in nature and its importance in life
1.1. Introduction to oxygen reduction reaction: Background and significance
1.2. Oxygen activation and oxygen reduction reaction
1.3. Oxygen reduction catalyzed by metalloenzymes: A close look into the structure-function relationship
1.3.1. Cytochrome oxidase
1.3.2. Multicopper oxidase
1.4. Natural and artificial metalloprotein models as ORR catalysts
1.5. Oxygen reduction reaction by bio-inspired synthetic catalysts
1.5.1. Homogenous molecular electrocatalysts
1.5.1.1. Porphyrin-based electrocatalysts
1.5.1.2. Non-porphyrin homogeneous molecular electrocatalysts
1.5.2. Heterogenous molecular electrocatalysts
1.5.2.1. Porphyrin-based electrocatalysts
1.5.2.2. Copper-based heterogenous electrocatalysts
1.6. The future of oxygen activation: Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 2: Oxygen reduction reaction by metalloporphyrins
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The porphyrin cofactor
2.3. Common methods used in the study of O2 reduction reaction
2.3.1. ORR in solution
2.3.2. ORR on electrodes
2.4. Different metalloporphyrins as ORR catalysts
2.4.1. Iron porphyrins
2.4.2. Cobalt porphyrins
2.4.3. Other metalloporphyrins
2.5. Porphyrin-based frameworks for ORR
2.6. Metal-free porphyrins
2.7. Future direction of oxygen reduction by porphyrins
References
Chapter 3: Oxygen reduction reaction by metallocorroles and metallophthalocyanines
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Different routes of ORR
3.3. Advantages of phthalocyanine and corroles for ORR
3.4. Metallocorroles as ORR catalysts
3.4.1. Dyads
3.4.1.1. Porphyrin(P)-corrole (C) dyads (PYC)
Effect of spacers
Effect of meso-substitution of the corrole
Effect of heterometallation in the porphyrin
3.4.1.2. Corrole(C)-corrole(C) dyads (CYC)
3.4.2. Monomeric cobalt(III) corroles
3.4.2.1. Mono meso-substituted corrole
3.4.2.2. Tri mes-substituted corrole
With ortho-substitution at meso-aryl group
Para-aryl substitution
β-Pyrrole substation
3.4.3. Hangman corrole
3.4.4. Monomeric cobalt corrole attached to carbon nanotubes
3.4.5. Other metallocorroles for ORR study
3.5. Metal complexes of phthalocyanine as ORR catalyst
3.5.1. Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) complex for ORR
3.5.1.1. Monomeric iron phthalocyanine complex for oxygen reduction reaction
3.5.1.2. Homo- and hetero-dinuclear phthalocyanines for oxygen reduction reaction
3.5.1.3. Phthalocyanine-porphyrin-based polymers for oxygen reduction reaction
3.5.1.4. Phthalocyanine with graphitic carbon and carbon nanotube conjugate (FePc-CNTs) in oxygen reduction reaction
3.5.1.5. Phthalocyanine with graphene and graphene oxide conjugate (FePc) in oxygen reduction
3.5.2. Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) complex for oxygen reduction reaction
3.5.3. Other metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes for oxygen reduction reaction
3.6. Summary and future prospect
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Oxygen reduction reaction by metal complexes containing non-macrocyclic ligands
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Reactivity
4.2.1. Homogenous studies
4.2.1.1. Manganese-based catalysts
4.2.1.2. Iron-based catalysts
4.2.1.3. Cobalt based catalysts
4.2.1.4. Copper-based catalysts
4.2.2. Electrocatalytic studies
4.2.2.1. Manganese electrocatalysts
4.2.2.2. Iron electrocatalysts
4.2.2.3. Cobalt electrocatalysts
4.2.2.4. Nickel electrocatalysts
4.2.2.5. Copper electrocatalysts
4.2.3. Oxygen reduction by polyoxometalates
4.2.3.1. Polyoxometalate as soluble molecular catalyst oxygen reduction reaction
4.2.3.2. Polyoxometalate as catalyst for cathodic O2 reduction in fuel cell
4.3. Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 5: Oxygen reduction reaction by noble metal-based catalysts
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Analytical methods to assess ORR
5.3. Standard protocols for obtaining data with Pt/C
5.4. Mono- and multi-metallic catalysts
5.4.1. Platinum (Pt)
5.4.2. Palladium (Pd)
5.4.3. Gold (Au)
5.4.4. Ruthenium (Ru)
5.4.5. Osmium (Os)
5.4.6. Rhodium (Rh)
5.4.7. Silver (Ag)
5.4.8. Iridium (Ir)
5.5. Alloy-based catalysts
5.6. Metal oxides catalysts
5.7. Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction
5.8. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide on transition metal surface
5.9. Noble metals in aerobic oxidation reactions
5.10. Commercial and environmental viability
5.11. Summary and future directions
References
Chapter 6: Oxygen reduction reaction by non-noble metal-based catalysts
6.1. Introduction
6.2. ORR mechanism
6.3. Oxygen reduction reaction kinetics
6.4. Single and dual metal sites-based single atomic catalyst
6.5. Alloy-based catalysts
6.6. Metal oxides catalysts
6.6.1. Single transition metal oxides-type catalysts
6.6.2. Perovskite-type catalysts
6.6.3. Spinel-type catalysts
6.6.4. Other ternary transition metal oxides
6.7. Transition metal chalcogenides
6.8. Transition metal carbides/nitrides/oxynitrides
6.8.1. Transition metal carbides
6.8.2. Transition metal nitrides
6.8.3. Transition metal oxynitrides
6.9. Commercial and environmental viability
6.10. Summary and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Oxygen reduction reaction by metal-free catalysts
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Synthesis and synergistic effects of dopants
7.3. Carbon nanotube-based catalysts
7.4. Graphene-based catalysts
7.5. Graphite or graphitic nanoplatelet-based catalysts
7.6. 3D porous carbon catalysts
7.7. Other carbon material catalysts
7.7.1. Single atom-doped carbon materials
7.7.1.1. N-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.1.2. P-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.1.3. B-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.1.4. Si-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.1.5. S-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.1.6. Halogen-doped carbon catalysts
7.7.2. Codoped carbon materials
7.8. Commercial and environmental viability
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Oxygen reduction reaction in hydrogen fuel cells
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Fundamental concept and working principle
8.2.1. Actual performance
8.2.1.1. Activation-related losses
8.2.1.2. Ohmic losses
8.2.1.3. Mass-transport-related losses
8.2.1.4. Cell voltage
8.2.1.5. Fuel cell assembly
8.3. Catalyst materials used: Design, synthesis, and performances
8.3.1. Design
8.3.1.1. Choice of catalyst
8.3.2. Synthesis
8.3.3. Performances
8.4. Commercial and environmental viability
8.4.1. Commercial viability
8.4.2. Environmental viability
8.5. Existing challenges and future direction
8.5.1. Cost
8.5.2. Degradation
8.6. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 9: Oxygen reduction reaction in methanol fuel cells
9.1. Introduction: Background and significance
9.2. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs)
9.2.1. Fundamental concepts and working principle
9.2.1.1. Methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalyst
9.2.1.2. Membranes for DMFC
9.2.1.3. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)
9.3. ORR catalysts in DMFC: Design, synthesis, and performance
9.3.1. Pt-based ORR catalyst
9.3.2. Other metallic electrodes
9.3.3. Transition metal oxides
9.3.4. Ternary transition metal oxides
9.3.5. Transition metal dichalcogenides
9.3.6. Transition metal nitrides
9.3.7. Transition metal carbides
9.3.8. Carbon nanomaterials
9.3.9. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
9.4. Commercial and environmental viability of the catalyst materials
9.5. Existing challenges and future directions
9.6. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Oxygen reduction reaction in ethanol fuel cells
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Fundamental concepts and working principle
10.2.1. Working principle of DEFC
10.2.1.1. PEM based DEFC
10.2.1.2. AEM based DEFC
10.2.1.3. AAEM-based DEFC
10.2.2. Fundamental concepts
10.2.2.1. Ethanol energy density
10.2.2.2. Ethanol crossover
10.2.2.3. Thermodynamics and kinetics
Ethanol oxidation
Oxygen reduction reaction
10.3. Cathode catalysts
10.3.1. Platinum catalysts
10.3.1.1. Bimetallic alloys
10.3.1.2. Trimetallic alloys
10.3.2. Palladium-based catalysts
10.3.2.1. Bimetallic alloys
10.3.2.2. Trimetallic alloys
10.3.3. Ru based electrocatalysts
10.3.4. Non-noble metal based electrocatalysts
10.3.4.1. Molecular systems
10.3.4.2. Heterogenous M-N-C catalysts (metal and heteroatom doped carbon nanostructures)
Synthetic methodology
Application of M-N-C catalysts in alcohol fuel cells
10.4. Commercial and environmental viability of the catalyst materials
10.5. Existing challenges and future directions
10.6. Summary
References
Chapter 11: Oxygen reduction reaction in solid oxide fuel cells
11.1. Background and significance
11.2. Fundamental concepts and working principle
11.2.1. Thermodynamics and kinetics
11.2.2. Materials
11.2.2.1. Solid electrolyte
11.2.3. Oxygen vacancy concentration
11.2.4. Oxide ions flux
11.2.5. Cell designs for measuring overpotentials
11.2.6. MEA architectures
11.2.7. SOFC testing
11.2.8. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
11.3. Catalyst materials for oxygen reduction reaction
11.3.1. Catalyst materials
11.3.1.1. Perovskites (ABO3)
'A' Site substituted ABO3
'B' Site substituted ABO3
11.3.1.2. Double perovskites (A2B2O6-δ)
11.3.1.3. Ruddlesden-Popper phase (An+1BnO3n+1; n=1, 2, 3)
11.3.1.4. Non-perovskite materials
Pyrochlores
11.3.1.5. Phases with tetrahedrally coordinated cobalt
11.3.1.6. Other structure types
11.4. Methods used for preparation of cathode catalyst
11.4.1. Solid-state synthesis
11.4.2. Hydrothermal synthesis
11.4.3. Co-precipitation method
11.4.4. Sol-gel method
11.4.5. Combustion synthesis
11.5. Method used for catalyst deposition on electrolytes
11.5.1. Thin-film deposition
11.5.2. Tape casting
11.5.3. Screen printing
11.5.4. Other thin film deposition methods
11.5.5. Infiltration
11.5.6. Exsolution
11.6. Commercial and environmental viability of the catalyst materials
11.7. Challenges and future directions
11.7.1. Environmental factors (reactive instability)
11.7.1.1. Stability in H2O
11.7.1.2. Stability in CO2
11.7.1.3. Cr poisoning
11.7.1.4. Segregation of ions
11.7.1.5. Interfacial phase formation
References
Chapter 12: Oxygen reduction reaction in enzymatic biofuel cells
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Basic features: Kinetics and thermodynamics
12.3. Immobilization of enzymes onto electrodes for electronic coupling
12.4. Enzymatic O2 reduction
12.4.1. Electrocatalytic O2 reduction by laccases
12.4.2. Bilirubin oxidases (BODs)
12.4.3. Cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase
12.5. Application of EBFCs
12.5.1. Implantable devices
12.5.2. Wearable devices
12.5.3. Detection of biological metabolites under in-vivo condition
12.6. Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13: Oxygen reduction reaction in lithium-air batteries
13.1. Introduction: Background and significance
13.2. Fundamental aspects of LABs
13.2.1. Cathodic ORR in various LABs
13.2.2. Cathodic ORR mechanisms in LABs
13.3. Catalyst materials
13.3.1. Design of cathode materials and their performance
13.3.1.1. Precious metals and/or their oxides
13.3.1.2. Manganese oxides
13.3.1.3. Transition metals and/or their oxides
13.3.1.4. Perovskites and related oxides
13.3.2. Composite materials
13.3.3. Other cathode materials
13.4. Commercial and environmental viabilities of catalyst materials
13.5. Summary, existing challenges and future directions
References
Index
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