The book provides a derivation of the models used for calculating the risk and hazard of central oxygen toxicity pertaining to diving-based studies consistent with the research conducted earlier by the Royal Navy and the US Navy. This book forms the basis for extending the possibility of undertaking nitrox dives in combination with oxygen dives, thus significantly increasing tactical capabilities of conducting diving special operations.
Features
provides derivation of the models used for calculating the risk and hazard of central oxygen toxicity
improves oxygen diving procedures described in the US Navy Diving Manual
includes procedures applicable to undertaking nitrox dives in combination with oxygen dives
pitches the material at highest technology readiness levels, i.e. 9 TRL
aims to increase tactical capabilities of conducting diving special operations
This book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in life support system design, diving submarine safety, ventilation, health, sanitary engineering, mining engineering and working environment in chambers or closed compartments.
Author(s): Ryszard Kłos
Series: Diving Sciences
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 231
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Definitions
List of Acronyms
Introduction
Chapter 1 Subject of the Research
1.1 Breathing Medium Circulation
1.2 Ventilation Process
1.3 Design
1.4 Stabilization
1.5 Rinsing
1.6 Protection
1.7 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Inherent Unsaturation
2.1 Oxygen Window
2.2 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
2.3 The Affinity for Oxygen and the Degree of Saturation
2.4 Hill’s Sigmoidal Model
2.5 Physical Solubility of Oxygen in Blood
2.6 Transport of Oxygen
2.7 Oxygen Consumption
2.8 The Environmental Impacts
2.9 Haldane Effect
2.10 Risk of Developing Central Nervous Syndrome
2.11 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Oxygen Toxicity
3.1 Central Nervous System Toxicity
3.1.1 Central Nervous Syndrome
3.1.2 The Mechanism of Central Nervous Syndrome
3.1.3 Antioxidants
3.1.4 Oxygen Exposures
3.2 Pulmonary Toxicity
3.2.1 Units of Pulmonary Toxicity
3.2.2 Repex
3.3 Somatic Toxicity and Other Threats
3.3.1 Chronic Oxygen Toxicity
3.3.2 The Chemisorption of Oxygen in the Middle Ear Syndrome
3.3.3 Oxygen Blindness
3.3.4 Oxygen Blackout
3.3.5 Oxygen Bends
3.4 Oxygen Tolerance Test
3.4.1 National Practice
3.4.2 International Experience
3.4.3 Test Procedure
3.4.4 The Role of Oxygen Tolerance Test
3.5 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Basics of Survival Analysis
4.1 System Response
4.2 Censored and Truncated Data
4.3 The Cumulative Distribution of Survival Time
4.4 Exponential Distribution
4.5 The Weibull Distribution
4.6 The Density Distribution of Survival Time
4.7 The Survival Function
4.8 The Hazard Function
4.9 The Cumulative Hazard Function
4.10 The Function of Risk
4.11 Interfunction Dependencies
4.12 Hazard
4.13 Risk of Decompression Sickness
4.14 Risk of Central Nervous Syndrome
4.15 Risk Comparison
4.16 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Oxygen Exposures
5.1 Tactical Considerations
5.2 Variants of Oxygen Dives
5.3 Modified Transit Type Procedure
5.4 Modified Procedure for Single-Depth Oxygen Exposure Limits
5.5 Exceptional Exposure Dives
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Oxygen/Nitrox Exposures
6.1 Tactical Considerations
6.2 Decompression Planning
6.3 Assumptions Underlying the Experiments
6.4 Changes in Depth
6.5 Decompression
6.6 Purging Procedures
6.7 Arrival Time
6.8 Second Descent
6.9 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Experimental Diving
7.1 General Guidelines for Experiments
7.1.1 Organization of Experiments
7.1.2 Safety of Decompression
7.1.3 Workload
7.1.4 Stages of Experiments
7.2 Experimental Oxygen Exposures
7.2.1 Controlling Physical Exercise
7.2.2 Transit Procedure
7.2.3 Exceeding Time Allowed for Excursion
7.2.4 Double Excursions
7.2.5 Long Transit Dives
7.2.6 Risk of Pulmonary Toxicity
7.2.7 Summary
7.3 Experimental Oxygen/Nitrox Exposures
7.3.1 Preliminary Diving
7.3.2 Dives with Excursion to 15 mH2O
7.3.3 Dives with Excursion to 24 mH2O
7.3.4 Dives with Excursion to 32 mH2O
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Remarks
8.1 Scope of Work
8.2 Tactical Considerations
8.3 Experimental Diving
8.4 Conclusions
References
Appendix 1 Guidelines for Oxygen Dives with the Possibility of an Oxygen/Nitrox Excursion
Appendix 2 Oxygen Tolerance Test
Appendix 3 Factor Analysis
Index
