Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: A Comprehensive Update on Male Infertility Volume II

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Deciphering the Nexus Between Oxidative Stress and Spermatogenesis: A Compendious Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility
1.3 Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
1.4 Influence of ROS on Spermatogenesis
1.4.1 Lipid Peroxidation
1.4.1.1 Lipid Peroxidation
1.4.1.2 Strategies for Prevention of Lipid Peroxidation
1.4.2 Sperm DNA Fragmentation
1.4.2.1 Prevention of Sperm DNA Fragmentation
1.4.3 Effect on Sperm Motility
1.4.4 Apoptosis
1.4.5 Capacitation and Hyperactivation
1.5 Idiopathic Male Infertility: A Case Study
1.6 Abnormalities That Arise Due to Idiopathic Male Infertility
1.7 Peculiarities Among Global Populations
1.8 Diagnosis and Treatment
1.9 Conclusions
References
2: The Role of Environmental Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility
2.1 Introduction to Male Infertility
2.2 Environmental Risk Factors and Male Infertility
2.3 Pesticides Exposure and Risk of Male Infertility
2.3.1 Organophosphate Pesticides (OPs)
2.3.2 Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)
2.3.3 Bisphenol A (BPA)
2.4 Phthalates: Steroidogenesis and Spermatogenesis
2.4.1 Dioxins
2.4.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
2.4.3 Heavy Metals and Male Infertility
2.5 Metabolism of Environmental Pollutants
2.6 Environmental Toxicant-Induced Oxidative Stress
2.7 Formation of Free Radicals
2.8 Sources of ROS
2.9 Oxidative Damage to Sperm DNA
2.10 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Male Infertility
2.11 Conclusion
References
3: Effect of Environmental Stressors, Xenobiotics, and Oxidative Stress on Male Reproductive and Sexual Health
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.3 Environmentally Linked DNA Methylation
3.3.1 Influence of Environmental Epigenetics in Metals Exposure
3.3.1.1 Arsenic
3.3.1.2 Nickel
3.3.1.3 Lead
3.3.1.4 Chromium
3.3.1.5 Copper
3.3.1.6 Mercury
3.3.1.7 Cadmium
3.4 Air Pollution and Oxidative Stress (OS)
3.4.1 Particulate Matter (PM)
3.4.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
3.4.3 Benzene
3.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
3.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Endocrine Disruptors (EDs)
3.6 Drug-Induced Oxidative Stress (OS)
3.7 Tobacco Smoke and Male Infertility
3.8 Xenobiotics and Male Infertility
3.9 Discussion
3.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4: Pesticide Toxicity Associated with Infertility
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Male-Mediated Reproductive Effects
4.2.1 Effects on the Testes
4.2.2 Effects on Sperm Count and Morphology
4.2.3 Effects on Sperm Concentration and Motility
4.2.4 Effects on Male Sex Hormones
4.3 Female-Mediated Reproductive Effects
4.3.1 Effects on Hypothalamus and Pituitary
4.3.2 Effects on the Ovary
4.3.3 Effects on the Uterus
4.3.4 Effects on Fertility
4.3.5 Reproductive Senescence
4.3.6 Breast Milk Contamination
4.4 Insecticides-Induced Toxicity Mitigation Strategies
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Impact of Radiation on Male Fertility
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Ionizing Radiation
5.1.2 Non-ionizing Radiation
5.2 Ionizing Radiation and Spermatogenesis
5.3 Non-ionizing Radiation and Spermatogenesis
5.4 Pathophysiology
5.4.1 Generation of Oxidative Stress
5.4.2 Thermal Effect
5.4.3 Calcium Ion Concentration
5.4.4 Endocrine Effects
5.5 Radiation and Genotoxicity
5.5.1 Direct Action
5.5.2 Indirect Action
5.6 Effects on Semen Parameters
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Arsenic-Induced Sex Hormone Disruption: An Insight into Male Infertility
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of Exposure and Geographical Distribution
6.3 Arsenic: Pathways to Disrupt Physiological Functions
6.4 Effects of Arsenic on Male Reproduction
6.4.1 Effects of Arsenic on Male Gonadal Tissue and Sperm Quality
6.4.2 Effects of Arsenic on Male Reproductive Hormones
6.5 Arsenic, Oxidative Stress, and Male Reproduction
6.6 Oxidative Stress and Sex Hormones: Connecting Link in Male Infertility
6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7: A Perspective on Reproductive Toxicity of Metallic Nanomaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Manganese Nanoparticles (Mn NPs)
7.2.1 Effect of Mn NPs on Male Reproductive System
7.2.2 Effect of Mn NPs on Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity
7.2.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Mn NPs
7.2.4 Mechanism of Mn NPs Toxicity
7.2.5 Effect of Mn NPs on Fertility
7.3 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
7.3.1 In Vitro Effect of AgNPs
7.3.2 Effect of AgNPs on Male Reproductive System
7.3.3 Effect of AgNPs on Female Reproductive System
7.3.4 Effect of AgNPs on Fertility and Development
7.3.5 Reproductive Toxicity of AgNPs on Zebrafish
7.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
7.4.1 Effect of AuNPs on Male Reproductive System
7.4.2 Effect of AuNPs on Female Reproductive System
7.4.3 Mechanism of AuNPs Toxicity on Ovarian Follicle
7.4.4 Toxicity of AuNPs to Placental Barriers and Embryonic Development
7.4.5 Mechanism of AuNPs Toxicity
7.5 Titanium Nanoparticles (TiNPs)
7.5.1 Effect of TiNPs on Male Reproductive System
7.5.2 Biphasic Effect of TiNPs on the Sperm and Testis
7.5.3 Effect of TiNPs on Female Reproductive System
7.6 Cadmium Nanoparticles (Cd NPs)
7.6.1 Effect of Cd NPs on Male Reproductive System
7.6.2 Effect of Cd NPs on Fertility, Embryo, and Post-natal Development
7.7 Conclusion
References
8: Bisphenol A and Male Infertility: Role of Oxidative Stress
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bisphenol
8.2.1 Overview of Bisphenol
8.2.2 Bisphenol A
8.3 Toxicokinetics of Bisphenol A
8.4 Bisphenol A, Sex Hormones, and Male Fertility
8.5 Evidence of Bisphenol A-Induced Male Infertility: The Role of Oxidative Stress
8.6 Mechanisms Through Which BPA Impairs Male Fertility
8.7 Summary of the Mechanisms Through Which BPA Impairs Male Infertility
8.8 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
8.8.1 Pathophysiology of ROS in Human Semen
8.9 Oxidative Stress
8.9.1 Origin of Oxidative Stress
8.9.2 Idiopathic
8.9.3 Iatrogenic
8.9.4 Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Fertility
8.10 Methods of Assessing Oxidative Stress-Related Male Infertility
8.10.1 Direct Methods of Identification
8.10.2 Indirect Methods of Identification
8.11 Male Infertility Treatments and Oxidative Stress Management
8.11.1 Antioxidants
8.11.2 Testicular Sperm Extraction
8.11.3 Cryopreservation
8.12 Conclusion
References
9: Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: Role of Herbal Drugs
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pathophysiological Factors of Male Infertility
9.2.1 Hormonal Defects
9.2.2 Physical Reasons and Sexual Problems
9.2.3 Lifestyle and Environment
9.2.4 Genetic and Epigenetic Factors
9.2.5 Oxidative Stress (OS)
9.3 Some Common Plants Used to Treat Male Infertility
9.3.1 Nigella sativa (Family: Ranunculaceae)
9.3.2 Mucuna pruriens (Family: Fabaceae)
9.3.3 Asparagus racemosus (Family: Asparagaceae)
9.3.4 Withania somnifera (Family: Solanaceae)
9.3.5 Panax ginseng (Family: Araliaceae)
9.3.6 Trigonella foenum-graecum (Family: Fabaceae)
9.3.7 Allium sativum (Family: Liliaceae)
9.3.8 Shilajit (Asphaltum, Mineral Pitch)
9.4 Conclusion
References
10: Natural Products as the Modulators of Oxidative Stress: An Herbal Approach in the Management of Prostate Cancer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 ROS and Its Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cell Death
10.2.1 Apoptosis
10.2.2 Autophagy
10.2.3 Necrosis
10.3 ROS-Mediated Cell Death in Prostate Cancer Through Phytocompounds
10.3.1 Apigenin
10.3.2 Artesunate
10.3.3 Andrographolide
10.3.4 Carvacrol
10.3.5 Curcumin
10.3.6 Guggulsterone
10.3.7 Isoalantolactone
10.3.8 Parthenolide
10.3.9 Plumbagin
10.3.10 Sparstolonin B
10.4 Structures of the Phytocompounds
10.5 Conclusion
References
11: Heat Shock Factors in Protein Quality Control and Spermatogenesis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Heat Shock Factors (HSFs)
11.3 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
11.3.1 HSP27
11.3.2 HSP60
11.3.3 HSP70
11.3.4 HSP90
11.3.5 GRP78
11.4 Phytochemicals as Upregulators of Cellular Protein Quality Control Mechanism
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
12: Pathological Role of Reactive Oxygen Species on Female Reproduction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Pathological Effect of ROS on Female Reproductive System
12.2.1 Reduced Growth and Development of Oocycte
12.2.2 Ovarian Steroidogenesis
12.2.3 Ovulation
12.2.4 Formation of Blastocysts
12.2.5 Implantation
12.3 Luteolysis and Luteal Maintenance of Pregnancy
12.4 Endothelial Dysfunction in the Uterus
12.5 Fertilization of Eggs
12.6 Diseases Caused by ROS in Female Reproductive System
12.6.1 Endometriosis
12.6.2 Preeclampsia
12.6.3 Maternal Diabetes
12.6.4 PCOS
12.6.5 Hydatidiform Mole
12.6.6 Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
12.6.7 Spontaneous Abortion and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
12.6.8 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
12.6.9 Fetal Death
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Impact of Oxidative Stress on Embryogenesis and Fetal Development
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Redox Theory of Development
13.3 Cross Talk of Life from Gametogenesis Through Fetal Development
13.3.1 Redox Regulation of Gametogenesis
13.3.2 Redox Regulation of Fertilization
13.3.3 Oxygen Gradient and the Developing Embryo
13.3.4 Oxygen Consumption by Preimplantation Embryo
13.3.5 Role of ROS in Postimplantation Embryo
13.4 Developmental Processes Controlled by Redox Reactions
13.4.1 ROS and Early Embryonic Development
13.4.2 ROS and Morphogenesis
13.4.3 ROS and Cell Differentiation
13.4.4 ROS, Angiogenesis, and Cell Migration During Development
13.5 ROS and Transcription Regulation During Development
13.5.1 Hypoxia, HIF, and Developmental Programing
13.5.2 Redox Active NF-kB During Development
13.5.3 Redox Regulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
13.5.4 AP-1: The Redox Sensor
13.5.5 Ref-1: The Embryonic DNA Guardian
13.5.6 Nrfs: Protectors Against Oxidative Stress
13.6 Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress on the Embryo
13.6.1 Spontaneous Miscarriage
13.6.2 Preeclampsia
13.6.3 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
13.6.4 Preterm Premature Membrane Rupture and Preterm Birth
13.6.5 Maternal Diabetes-Induced Embryopathy
13.6.6 Teratogens, ROS Metabolism, and the Embryo
13.7 Oxidative Stress in Development: Lessons from ART
13.8 Conclusion
References
14: Interplay of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Mammalian Embryo Culture System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
14.3 Oxidant/Antioxidant Balance and Measurement of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP)
14.4 pH
14.5 Peroxidation of Mineral Oil
14.6 Oxygen Concentration
14.7 Visible Light
14.8 Centrifugation
14.9 Culture Media Composition
14.10 Types of Antioxidants Used in Embryo Culture Media
14.11 Enzymatic Antioxidants
14.12 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
14.13 From Animal Models to Human ART
14.14 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
15: Roles of Oxidative Stress in the Male Reproductive System: Potential of Antioxidant Supplementation for Infertility Treatment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Male Reproductive Events
15.2.1 Leydig Cells
15.2.2 Sertoli Cells
15.2.3 Spermatozoa
15.3 Antioxidant Defenses at the Male Reproductive System
15.4 Oxidative Stress: A Cause of Infertility?
15.5 Antioxidant Therapies for Infertility Treatment
15.6 Quercetin: A Novel Therapy for Male Infertility?
15.7 Concluding Remarks
References
16: Oxidative Stress-Induced Male Infertility: Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Defense Mechanisms
16.1 Introduction
16.2 General Concepts of ROS and Antioxidants in Spermatozoa
16.2.1 ROS
16.2.2 REDOX Reactions of Free Radicals
16.2.3 Antioxidants
16.3 ROS and Sperm Parameters
16.3.1 Sperm Count
16.3.2 DNA Strand Break and Apoptosis
16.3.2.1 DNA Strand Break
16.3.2.2 Apoptosis
16.3.3 Hormonal Dysfunction
16.3.4 Morphological Changes in Male Reproductive Organs: Human and Animal Models
16.3.5 ROS-Induced Oxidative Stress in Sperm
16.4 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Signal Transduction
16.5 Plant-Derived Natural Antioxidants and Protective Actions Against ROS Production
16.5.1 Antioxidant Supplements
16.5.1.1 Arginine
16.5.1.2 Carnitine
16.5.1.3 Carotenoids
16.5.1.4 Coenzyme Q10
16.5.1.5 Cysteine
16.5.1.6 Micronutrients (Folate, Selenium, and Zinc)
16.5.1.7 Vitamin E
16.5.1.8 Vitamin C
16.5.1.9 Myoinositol
16.5.1.10 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
16.5.1.11 Resveratrol
16.5.1.12 Vitamin B12
16.5.1.13 Vitamin D
16.5.2 Herbal Supplements
16.5.3 The Antioxidant Paradox
16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
17: Reductive Stress and Male Infertility
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Reductants (Antioxidants)
17.3 Antioxidant Overdose and Male Fertility: The Concept of “AntioxidantParadox”
17.4 Antioxidant Paradox: Generation of “Reductive Stress”
17.5 Reductive Stress, Antioxidant Paradox, and Male Fertility
17.6 Conclusion
References
18: In Silico Analysis of CatSper Family Genes and APOB Gene Regulation in Male Infertility
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Identification of Asthenozoospermia Gene Targets
18.2.2 Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network Analysis
18.2.3 Pathway Analysis and Gene Ontology (GO)
18.3 Results
18.3.1 PPI Network Analysis
18.3.2 Pathway Analysis
18.3.3 PPI Network Analysis of Selected Genes with APOA2 Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism
18.3.4 Gene Ontology
18.4 Discussion
18.5 Conclusion
References
19: Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Reproductive Biology and Medicine: A Comprehensive Update on Male Infertility Volume II – Conclusion
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Oxidative Stress and Toxicity
19.3 Conclusion
References
Index