Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Series Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATIVE (EU)STRESS IN EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Oxygen and Its Derivatives
Superoxide Anion
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydroxyl Radical
Reactive Nitrogen Species
Brief Overview of Indirect and Direct Biomarkers of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
Brief Overview of ROS as Eustress Regulators of Skeletal Muscle
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
2 MEASURING OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND REDOX SIGNALLING: PRINCIPLES, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES
The Importance of Measuring Oxidative Eustress
Blink and You’ll Miss It: The Challenge of Directly Measuring Reactive Species
Novel Approaches to Measure Oxidative Damage
Redox Signalling: The Promise of Novel Immunological Assays
Systemic Redox Analysis: Moving beyond Measuring Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Towards PRDX Isoform Dimers
Concluding Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
3 EXERCISE REDOX SIGNALLING: FROM ROS SOURCES TO WIDESPREAD HEALTH ADAPTATION
Introduction
Exercise Creates an ROS-Rich Environment
Main Sources of ROS in Contracting Muscle
ROS-Generating System and Antioxidant Capacity in the Conventional Muscle-Type Classification
Redox-Mediated Signalling Mainly Occurs via Targeted Modifications of Specific Residues in Proteins
ROS and Contractile Function
Exercise-Generated ROS Is Crucial to Muscle Glucose Uptake
Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training Rely on ROS-Mediated Signalling Pathways
Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Antioxidant Defence
Hypertrophy
Exercise Creates ROS-Rich Environments by Inducing Both Local and Systemic ROS Waves
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
4 OXYGEN TRANSPORT: A REDOX O[sub(2)]DYSSEY
Introduction
A Quantitative Snapshot of Oxygen Transport
Lungs
Erythrocytes
Oxygen
Redox Network
Energetics
A Computational Model
Microcirculation
Structure
Regulation
Muscle
Mitochondria
Oxygen Flow and Consumption
Oxygen Consumption in Cellular (Redox) Processes Beyond Mitochondrial Respiration
Conclusion
References
5 MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX REGULATION IN ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE
Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism
Mitochondrial Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ROS Production at Rest
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial ROS Production During Exercise
ROS-Mediated Adaptation to Exercise Training
Is There Evidence of Mitochondrial-Derived ROS Act as Exercise Signals?
mtDNA Damage
Peroxiredoxins
Mitochondrial Derived Peptides
Is There Evidence That Mitochondrial-Derived ROS Contribute to Exercise Training-Induced Adaptation?
Concluding Remarks
References
6 BASAL REDOX STATUS INFLUENCES THE ADAPTIVE REDOX RESPONSE TO REGULAR EXERCISE
Introduction
Sites of ROS Generation and Chronic Oxidative Distress
Mechanisms of Adaptive Responses to Exercise: Nrf2
Nrf2 Response to Exercise Training
Role of Basal Redox Status in the Adaptive Response to Exercise
A Paradigm Shift in the Relationship between Antioxidant Enzymes and Redox Signaling
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
7 TIME TO ‘COUPLE’ REDOX BIOLOGY WITH EXERCISE IMMUNOLOGY
Introduction
Redox Reactions and Immunity
Global Oxidation in Immune Cells after Single Bouts of Exercise
Evaluating Immune Cell Thiol Redox State after Exercise
Single Cell Approaches
Future Perspectives
Appreciation for Oxidative Eustress
Immunometabolism
Extracellular Environment
Conclusion
References
8 EXERCISE AND RNA OXIDATION
Introduction
Epitranscriptomic Changes
RNA Oxidation in an In Vivo Setting
Acute Exercise and RNA Oxidation
Regular Exercise and RNA Oxidation
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9 EXERCISE AND DNA DAMAGE: CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME
Introduction
Sources of Exercise-Induced RONS
Exercise and DNA Damage
nDNA Damage
mtDNA Damage
Contributing Variables
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
10 NUTRITIONAL ANTIOXIDANTS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Introduction
Heterogeneity of Antioxidant Supplements
Methodologies Used
Context
Conclusion
References
11 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTS AND EXERCISE ADAPTATIONS
Introduction
Antioxidant Defenses
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Muscle Hypertrophy/Strength
Substrate Metabolism
Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function
Performance
Endurance Performance
Muscle Recovery
VO[sub(2)] max
Personalized Supplementation
Conclusion
References
12 NITRIC OXIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN HUMANS: INFLUENCE OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION
Introduction
Emergence of the Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway
Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Continuous Endurance Exercise Performance
Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on High-Intensity Exercise Performance
Mechanisms for the Ergogenic Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation
Conclusion
References
13 (POLY)PHENOLS IN EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY: MORE THAN AN ANTIOXIDANT?
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action
(Poly)phenols and Exercise Performance
(Poly)phenols and Exercise Recovery
Practical Application and Summary
References
14 EXERCISE: A STRATEGY TO TARGET OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CANCER
Introduction
The Benefits of Physical Activity in Cancer Survival
Oxidative Stress as a Key Mechanism?
Oxidative Stress and Cancer
Exercise Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Patients
Exercise, Tumor Growth, and Oxidative Stress: Possible Impact on Treatments?
Physical Activity, Oxidative Stress and Cancer-Induced Muscle Wasting
Limitations
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
15 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND EXERCISE TOLERANCE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Cystic Fibrosis Overview
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in CF
Prognostic Values of Exercise Testing CF
Benefits of Exercise In CF
Mechanistic Insight into Exercise Intolerance In CF
Pulmonary Function
Cardiovascular Function
Skeletal Muscle Function
Conclusions
References
16 AGEING, NEURODEGENERATION AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: THE UNDERLYING ROLE OF OXIDATIVE DISTRESS
Oxidative Distress in the Ageing Brain
Oxidative Distress in Neurodegeneration: Insights from Alzheimer’s Disease
Evidence of Oxidative Distress in Alzheimer’s Disease
Energy Balance, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Distress in Alzheimer’s Disease
Therapeutic Intervention for Alzheimer’s Disease from a Redox Biology Perspective
Dietary Intervention for Alzheimer’s Disease
Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease
Conclusion
References
17 EXERCISE, METABOLISM AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE
Introduction
Metabolic Control of Epigenetic Mechanisms
Metabolism
One-Carbon Metabolism and DNA/Histone Methylation
Histone Acetylation
TCA Metabolite-Dependent Regulation of DNA Methylation and Histone Modification
The Interplay between Exercise Stress and Epigenetics
TCA Cycle Intermediates
Lactate
Oxidative Stress and ROS
ROS and DNA Damage/Repair
Modulation of Antioxidant Effectors
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Index