Oxford Textbook of Medicine

Cover
Oxford Textbook of Medicine
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Section editors
Contents
List of abbreviations
List of contributors
Section 1: Patients and their treatment
Chapter 1.1: On being a patient
Chapter 1.2: A young person’s experience of chronic disease
Chapter 1.3: What patients wish you understood
Chapter 1.4: Why do patients attend and what do they want from the consultation?
Chapter 1.5: Medical ethics
Chapter 1.6: Clinical decision-making
Section 2: Background to medicine
Chapter 2.1: Science in medicine: When, how, and what
Chapter 2.2: Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science
Chapter 2.3: The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations
Chapter 2.4: Large-scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta-analyses of trials
Chapter 2.5: Bioinformatics
Chapter 2.6: Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy
Chapter 2.7: Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases
Chapter 2.8: Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine
Chapter 2.9: Engaging patients in therapeutic development
Chapter 2.10: Medicine quality, physicians, and patients
Chapter 2.11: Preventive medicine
Chapter 2.12: Medical screening
Chapter 2.13: Health promotion
Chapter 2.14: Deprivation and health
Chapter 2.15: How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare?
Chapter 2.16: Financing healthcare in low-income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health
Chapter 2.17: Research in the developed world
Chapter 2.18: Fostering medical and health research in resource-constrained countries
Chapter 2.19: Regulation versus innovation in medicine
Chapter 2.20: Human disasters
Chapter 2.21: Humanitarian medicine
Chapter 2.22: Complementary and alternative medicine
Section 3: Cell biology
Chapter 3.1: The cell
Chapter 3.2: The genomic basis of medicine
Chapter 3.3: Cytokines
Chapter 3.4: Ion channels and disease
Chapter 3.5: Intracellular signalling
Chapter 3.6: Apoptosis in health and disease
Chapter 3.7: Stem cells and regenerative medicine
Chapter 3.8: The evolution of therapeutic antibodies
Chapter 3.9: Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics
Section 4: Immunological mechanisms
Chapter 4.1: The innate immune system
Chapter 4.2: The complement system
Chapter 4.3: Adaptive immunity
Chapter 4.4: Immunodeficiency
Chapter 4.5: Allergy
Chapter 4.6: Autoimmunity
Chapter 4.7: Principles of transplantation immunology
Section 5: Principles of clinical oncology
Chapter 5.1: Epidemiology of cancer
Chapter 5.2: The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implications
Chapter 5.3: The genetics of inherited cancers
Chapter 5.4: Cancer immunity and immunotherapy
Chapter 5.5: Clinical features and management
Chapter 5.6: Systemic treatment and radiotherapy
Chapter 5.7: Medical management of breast cancer
Section 6: Old age medicine
Chapter 6.1: Ageing and clinical medicine
Chapter 6.2: Frailty and sarcopenia
Chapter 6.3: Optimizing well-being into old age
Chapter 6.4: Older people and urgent care
Chapter 6.5: Older people in hospital
Chapter 6.6: Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological services
Chapter 6.7: Drugs and prescribing in the older patient
Chapter 6.8: Falls, faints, and fragility fractures
Chapter 6.9: Bladder and bowels
Chapter 6.10: Neurodegenerative disorders in older people
Chapter 6.11: Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patients
Section 7: Pain and palliative care
Chapter 7.1: Introduction to palliative care
Chapter 7.2: Pain management
Chapter 7.3: Symptoms other than pain
Chapter 7.4: Care of the dying person
Section 8: Infectious diseases
Chapter 8.1: Pathogenic microorganisms and the host
8.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms
8.1.2 Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections
Chapter 8.2: The patient with suspected infection
8.2.1 Clinical approach
8.2.2 Fever of unknown origin
8.2.3 Nosocomial infections
8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host
8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy
Chapter 8.3: Immunization
Chapter 8.4: Travel and expedition medicine
Chapter 8.5: Viruses
8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses
8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein–Barr virus)
8.5.3 Epstein–Barr virus
8.5.4 Poxviruses
8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitis
8.5.6 Measles
8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides
8.5.8 Enterovirus infections
8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting
8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses
8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses
8.5.12 Alphaviruses
8.5.13 Rubella
8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue
8.5.15 Dengue
8.5.16 Bunyaviridae
8.5.17 Arenaviruses
8.5.18 Filoviruses
8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses
8.5.20 Parvovirus B19
8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus)
8.5.22 Hepatitis C virus
8.5.23 HIV/AIDS
8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle-income countries
8.5.25 HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated diseases
8.5.26 Viruses and cancer
8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s nodule
8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum
8.5.29 Newly discovered viruses
Chapter 8.6: Bacteria
8.6.1 Diphtheria
8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci
8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections
8.6.4 Staphylococci
8.6.5 Meningococcal infections
8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae
8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning
8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma)
8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteria
8.6.12 Cholera
8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzae
8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid
8.6.15 Bordetella infection
8.6.16 Melioidosis and glanders
8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestis
8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis
8.6.19 Pasteurella
8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infection
8.6.21 Anthrax
8.6.22 Brucellosis
8.6.23 Tetanus
8.6.24 Clostridium difficile
8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections
8.6.26 Tuberculosis
8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria
8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
8.6.30 Actinomycoses
8.6.31 Nocardiosis
8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection)
8.6.33 Lyme borreliosis
8.6.34 Relapsing fevers
8.6.35 Leptospirosis
8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta
8.6.37 Syphilis
8.6.38 Listeriosis
8.6.39 Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease
8.6.40 Rickettsioses
8.6.41 Scrub typhus
8.6.42 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever)
8.6.43 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis
8.6.44 Bartonella bacilliformis infection
8.6.45 Chlamydial infections
8.6.46 Mycoplasmas
8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans
Chapter 8.7: Fungi (mycoses)
8.7.1 Fungal infections
8.7.2 Cryptococcosis
8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis
8.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis
8.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii
8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection
8.7.7 Microsporidiosis
Chapter 8.8: Protozoa
8.8.1 Amoebic infections
8.8.2 Malaria
8.8.3 Babesiosis
8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis
8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis
8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis
8.8.7 Cystoisosporiasis
8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasis
8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis)
8.8.10 Blastocystis infection
8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasis
8.8.12 Chagas disease
8.8.13 Leishmaniasis
8.8.14 Trichomoniasis
Chapter 8.9: Nematodes (roundworms)
8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis
8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis
8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis)
8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes
8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion
8.9.6 Angiostrongyliasis
Chapter 8.10: Cestodes (tapeworms)
8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms)
8.10.2 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus)
8.10.3 Cysticercosis
Chapter 8.11: Trematodes (flukes)
8.11.1 Schistosomiasis
8.11.2 Liver fluke infections
8.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis)
8.11.4 Intestinal trematode infections
Chapter 8.12: Nonvenomous arthropods
Chapter 8.13: Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/ linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection)
Section 9: Sexually transmitted diseases
Chapter 9.1: Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections
Chapter 9.2: Sexual behaviour
Chapter 9.3: Sexual history and examination
Chapter 9.4: Vaginal discharge
Chapter 9.5: Urethritis
Chapter 9.6: Genital ulceration
Chapter 9.7: Anogenital lumps and bumps
Chapter 9.8: Pelvic inflammatory disease
Chapter 9.9: Principles of contraception
Section 10: Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning
10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning — Introduction
10.2 Occupational health
10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health
10.2.2 Occupational safety
10.2.3 Aviation medicine
10.2.4 Diving medicine
10.2.5 Noise
10.2.6 Vibration
10.3 Environment and health
10.3.1 Air pollution and health
10.3.2 Heat
10.3.3 Cold
10.3.4 Drowning
10.3.5 Lightning and electrical injuries
10.3.6 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes
10.3.7 Radiation
10.3.8 Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions
10.3.9 Bioterrorism
10.4 Poisoning
10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals
10.4.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals
10.4.3 Poisonous fungi
10.4.4 Poisonous plants
10.5 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis)
Section 11: Nutrition
11.1 Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolism
11.2 Vitamins
11.3 Minerals and trace elements
11.4 Severe malnutrition
11.5 Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary change
11.6 Obesity
11.7 Artificial nutrition support
Section 12: Metabolic disorders
12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspects
12.2 Protein- dependent inborn errors of metabolism
12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseases
12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolism
12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism
12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
12.5 The porphyrias
12.6 Lipid disorders
12.7 Trace metal disorders
12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosis
12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease
12.8 Lysosomal disease
12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults
12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias
12.11 A physiological approach to acid–base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments
12.12 The acute phase response, hereditary periodic fever syndromes, and amyloidosis
12.12.1 The acute phase response and C-reactive protein
12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes
12.12.3 Amyloidosis
12.13 a1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies
Section 13: Endocrine disorders
13.1 Principles of hormone action
13.2 Pituitary disorders
13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland
13.3 Thyroid disorders
13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function
13.3.2 Thyroid cancer
13.4 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism
13.5 Adrenal disorders
13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex
13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
13.6 Reproductive disorders
13.6.1 Ovarian disorders
13.6.2 Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadism
13.6.3 Benign breast disease
13.6.4 Sexual dysfunction
13.7 Disorders of growth and development
13.7.1 Normal growth and its disorders
13.7.2 Normal puberty and its disorders
13.7.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation
13.8 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia
13.9 Diabetes and hypoglycaemia
13.9.1 Diabetes
13.9.2 Hypoglycaemia
13.10 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease
13.11 The pineal gland and melatonin
Section 14: Medical disorders in pregnancy
14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancy
14.2 Nutrition in pregnancy
14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancy
14.4 Hypertension in pregnancy
14.5 Renal disease in pregnancy
14.6 Heart disease in pregnancy
14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancy
14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancy
14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancy
14.10 Diabetes in pregnancy
14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancy
14.12 Neurological conditions in pregnancy
14.13 The skin in pregnancy
14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy
14.15 Maternal infection in pregnancy
14.16 Fetal effects of maternal infection
14.17 Blood disorders in pregnancy
14.18 Malignant disease in pregnancy
14.19 Maternal critical care
14.20 Prescribing in pregnancy
14.21 Contraception for women with medical diseases
Section 15: Gastroenterological disorders
15.1 Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract
15.2 Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease
15.3 Methods for investigation of gastroenterological disease
15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy
15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract
15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function
15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations
15.4.1 The acute abdomen
15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding
15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
15.6 The mouth and salivary glands
15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus
15.8 Peptic ulcer disease
15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract
15.9.1 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract
15.9.2 Carcinoid syndrome
15.10 Malabsorption
15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption
15.10.2 Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine
15.10.3 Coeliac disease
15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphomas
15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiency
15.10.6 Whipple’s disease
15.10.7 Effects of massive bowel resection
15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics
15.11 Crohn’s disease
15.12 Ulcerative colitis
15.13 Irritable bowel syndrome
15.14 Colonic diverticular disease
15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract
15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract
15.17 Vascular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract
15.18 Gastrointestinal infections
15.19 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel
15.20 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
15.21 Pathobiology of chronic liver disease
15.22 Presentations and management of liver disease
15.22.1 Investigation and management of jaundice
15.22.2 Cirrhosis and ascites
15.22.3 Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding
15.22.4 Hepatic encephalopathy
15.22.5 Liver failure
15.22.6 Liver transplantation
15.23 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease
15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E
15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitis
15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitis
15.23.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
15.24 Other liver diseases
15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease
15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
15.24.3 Drug-induced liver disease
15.24.4 Vascular disorders of the liver
15.24.5 The liver in systemic disease
15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours
15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood
15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree
15.26 Diseases of the pancreas
15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis
15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitis
15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreas
Section 16: Cardiovascular disorders
Chapter 16.1: Structure and function
16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endothelium
16.1.2 Cardiac physiology
Chapter 16.2: Clinical presentation of heart disease
16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue
16.2.2 Syncope and palpitation
Chapter 16.3: Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders
16.3.1 Electrocardiography
16.3.2 Echocardiography
16.3.3 Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT
16.3.4 Cardiac catheterization and angiography
Chapter 16.4: Cardiac arrhythmias
Chapter 16.5: Cardiac failure
16.5.1 Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart failure
16.5.2 Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, management
16.5.3 Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and management
16.5.4 Cardiorenal syndrome
16.5.5 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support
Chapter 16.6: Valvular heart disease
Chapter 16.7: Diseases of heart muscle
16.7.1 Myocarditis
16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular
16.7.3 Specifific heart muscle disorders
Chapter 16.8: Pericardial disease
Chapter 16.9: Cardiac involvement in infectious disease
16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever
16.9.2 Endocarditis
16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infection
16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilis
Chapter 16.10: Tumours of the heart
Chapter 16.11: Cardiac involvement in genetic disease
Chapter 16.12: Congenital heart disease in the adult
Chapter 16.13: Coronary heart disease
16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis
16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and prevention
16.13.3 Management of stable angina
16.13.4 Management of acute coronary syndrome
16.13.5 Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures
16.13.6 Coronary artery bypass and valve surgery
Chapter 16.14: Diseases of the arteries
16.14.1 Acute aortic syndromes
16.14.2 Peripheral arterial disease
16.14.3 Cholesterol embolism
Chapter 16.15: The pulmonary circulation
16.15.1 Structure and function of the pulmonary circulation
16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertension
Chapter 16.16: Venous thromboembolism
16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulation
Chapter 16.17: Hypertension
16.17.1 Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology
16.17.2 Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment
16.17.3 Secondary hypertension
16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertension
16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies
Chapter 16.18: Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema
Chapter 16.19: Idiopathic oedema of women
Section 17: Critical care medicine
Chapter 17.1: The seriously ill or deteriorating patient
Chapter 17.2: Cardiac arrest
Chapter 17.3: Anaphylaxis
Chapter 17.4: Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery
Chapter 17.5: Acute respiratory failure
Chapter 17.6: Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill
Chapter 17.7: Management of raised intracranial pressure
Chapter 17.8: Sedation and analgesia in the ICU
Chapter 17.9: Metabolic and endocrine changes in acute and chronic critical illness
Chapter 17.10: Palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU
Chapter 17.11: Diagnosis of death and organ donation
Chapter 17.12: Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness
Section 18: Respiratory disorders
Chapter 18.1: Structure and function
18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract
18.1.2 Airways and alveoli
Chapter 18.2: The clinical presentation of respiratory disease
Chapter 18.3: Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders
18.3.1 Respiratory function tests
18.3.2 Thoracic imaging
18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy
Chapter 18.4: Respiratory infection
18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infections
18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal host
18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia
18.4.4 Mycobacteria
18.4.5 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 4031 Julia Choy and Anton Pozniak
Chapter 18.5: The upper respiratory tract
18.5.1 Upper airway obstruction
18.5.2 Sleep-related breathing disorders
Chapter 18.6: Allergic rhinitis
Chapter 18.7: Asthma
Chapter 18.8: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chapter 18.9: Bronchiectasis
Chapter 18.10: Cystic fibrosis
Chapter 18.11: Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction
18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders
18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis
Chapter 18.12: Sarcoidosis
Chapter 18.13: Pneumoconioses
Chapter 18.14: Miscellaneous conditions
18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage
18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia
18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung
18.14.4 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
18.14.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia
18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols
18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis
18.14.13 Drug- induced lung disease
Chapter 18.15: Chronic respiratory failure
Chapter 18.16: Lung transplantation
Chapter 18.17: Pleural diseases
Chapter 18.18: Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm
Chapter 18.19: Malignant diseases
18.19.1 Lung cancer
18.19.2 Pulmonary metastases
18.19.3 Pleural tumours
18.19.4 Mediastinal tumours and cysts
Section 19: Rheumatological disorders
Chapter 19.1: Joints and connective tissue — structure and function
Chapter 19.2: Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders
Chapter 19.3: Clinical investigation
Chapter 19.4: Back pain and regional disorders
Chapter 19.5: Rheumatoid arthritis
Chapter 19.6: Spondyloarthritis and related conditions
Chapter 19.7: Infection and arthritis
Chapter 19.8: Reactive arthritis
Chapter 19.9: Osteoarthritis
Chapter 19.10: Crystal-related arthropathies
Chapter 19.11: Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides
19.11.1 Introduction
19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders
19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
19.11.4 Sjögren’s syndrome
19.11.5 Inflammatory myopathies
19.11.6 Large vessel vasculitis
19.11.7 ANCA-associated vasculitis
19.11.8 Polyarteritis nodosa
19.11.9 Small vessel vasculitis
19.11.10 Behçet’s syndrome
19.11.11 Polymyalgia rheumatica
19.11.12 Kawasaki disease
Chapter 19.12: Miscellaneous conditions presenting to rheumatologist
Section 20: Disorders of the skeleton
Chapter 20.1: Skeletal disorders — general approach and conditions
Chapter 20.2: Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Chapter 20.3: Osteomyelitis
Chapter 20.4: Osteoporosis
Chapter 20.5: Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans
Chapter 20.6: Bone cancer
Section 21: Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
Chapter 21.1: Structure and function of the kidney
Chapter 21.2: Electrolyte disorders
21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis
21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis
Chapter 21.3: Clinical presentation of renal disease
Chapter 21.4: Clinical investigation of renal disease
Chapter 21.5: Acute kidney injury
Chapter 21.6: Chronic kidney disease
Chapter 21.7: Renal replacement therapy
21.7.1 Haemodialysis
21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis
21.7.3 Renal transplantation
Chapter 21.8: Glomerular diseases
21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP)
21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy
21.8.3 Minimal-change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy
21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis
21.8.6 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
Chapter 21.9: Tubulointerstitial diseases
21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis
21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
Chapter 21.10: The kidney in systemic disease
21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus and the kidney
21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis
21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders
21.10.4 The kidney in sarcoidosis
21.10.5 Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin-based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias
21.10.6 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
21.10.7 Sickle cell disease and the kidney
21.10.8 Infection-associated nephropathies
21.10.9 Malignancy-associated renal disease
21.10.10 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease
Chapter 21.11: Renal diseases in the tropics
Chapter 21.12: Renal involvement in genetic disease
Chapter 21.13: Urinary tract infection
Chapter 21.14: Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis
Chapter 21.15: The renal tubular acidoses
Chapter 21.16: Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling
Chapter 21.17: Urinary tract obstruction
Chapter 21.18: Malignant diseases of the urinary tract
Chapter 21.19: Drugs and the kidney
Section 22: Haematological disorders
Chapter 22.1: Introduction to haematology
Chapter 22.2: Haematopoiesis
22.2.1 Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesis
22.2.2 Diagnostic techniques in the assessment of haematological malignancies
Chapter 22.3: Myeloid disease
22.3.1 Granulocytes in health and disease
22.3.2 Myelodysplastic syndromes
22.3.3 Acute myeloid leukaemia
22.3.4 Chronic myeloid leukaemia
22.3.5 The polycythaemias
22.3.6 Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemia
22.3.7 Primary myelofibrosis
22.3.8 Eosinophilia
22.3.9 Histiocytosis
Chapter 22.4: Lymphoid disease
22.4.1 Introduction to lymphopoiesis
22.4.2 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
22.4.3 Hodgkin lymphoma
22.4.4 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
22.4.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
22.4.6 Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies
Chapter 22.5: Bone marrow failure
22.5.1 Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
22.5.2 Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia
22.5.3 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Chapter 22.6: Erythroid disorders
22.6.1 Erythropoiesis
22.6.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features
22.6.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world health
22.6.4 Iron metabolism and its disorders
22.6.5 Anaemia of inflammation
22.6.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias
22.6.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin
22.6.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells
22.6.9 Disorders of the red cell membrane
22.6.10 Erythrocyte enzymopathies
22.6.11 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
22.6.12 Acquired haemolytic anaemia
Chapter 22.7: Haemostasis
22.7.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis
22.7.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency
22.7.3 Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function
22.7.4 Genetic disorders of coagulation
22.7.5 Acquired coagulation disorders
Chapter 22.8: Transfusion and transplantation
22.8.1 Blood transfusion
22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Section 23: Disorders of the skin
Chapter 23.1: Structure and function of skin
Chapter 23.2: Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease
Chapter 23.3: Inherited skin disease
Chapter 23.4: Autoimmune bullous diseases
Chapter 23.5: Papulosquamous disease
Chapter 23.6: Dermatitis/eczema
Chapter 23.7: Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria
Chapter 23.8: Disorders of pigmentation
Chapter 23.9: Photosensitivity
Chapter 23.10: Infections of the skin
Chapter 23.11: Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders
Chapter 23.12: Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders
Chapter 23.13: Hair and nail disorders
Chapter 23.14: Tumours of the skin
Chapter 23.15: Skin and systemic diseases
Chapter 23.16: Cutaneous reactions to drugs
Chapter 23.17: Management of skin disease
Section 24: Neurological disorders
Chapter 24.1: Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease
Chapter 24.2: Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychology
Chapter 24.3: Clinical investigation of neurological disease
24.3.1 Lumbar puncture
24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems
24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases
24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: Magnetic brain stimulation
Chapter 24.4: Higher cerebral function
24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral function
24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Chapter 24.5: Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness
24.5.1 Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood
24.5.2 Narcolepsy
24.5.3 Sleep disorders
24.5.4 Syncope
24.5.5 The unconscious patient
24.5.6 Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness
Chapter 24.6: Disorders of the special senses
24.6.1 Visual pathways
24.6.2 Eye movements and balance
24.6.3 Hearing loss
Chapter 24.7: Disorders of movement
24.7.1 Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus
24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases
24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease
24.7.4 Ataxic disorders
Chapter 24.8: Headache
Chapter 24.9: Brainstem syndromes
Chapter 24.10: Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system
24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease
24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system
24.10.3 Traumatic brain injury
24.10.4 Intracranial tumours
24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Chapter 24.11: Infections of the central nervous system
24.11.1 Bacterial infections
24.11.2 Viral infections
24.11.3 Intracranial abscesses
24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro-AIDS
24.11.5 Human prion diseases
Chapter 24.12: Disorders of cranial nerves
Chapter 24.13: Disorders of the spinal cord
24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cord
24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its management
Chapter 24.14: Diseases of the autonomic nervous system
Chapter 24.15: The motor neuron diseases
Chapter 24.16: Diseases of the peripheral nerves
Chapter 24.17: Inherited neurodegenerative diseases
Chapter 24.18: Disorders of the neuromuscular junction
Chapter 24.19: Disorders of muscle
24.19.1 Structure and function of muscle
24.19.2 Muscular dystrophy
24.19.3 Myotonia
24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders
24.19.5 Mitochondrial disease
Chapter 24.20: Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system
Chapter 24.21: Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
Chapter 24.22: Neurological complications of systemic disease
Chapter 24.23: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes
Chapter 24.24: Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
Section 25: Disorders of the eye Section
Chapter 25.1: The eye in general medicine
Section 26: Psychiatric and drug-related disorders
Chapter 26.1: General introduction
Chapter 26.2: The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient
Chapter 26.3: Common psychiatric presentations in medical patients
26.3.1 Confusion
26.3.2 Self-harm
26.3.3 Medically unexplained symptoms
26.3.4 Low mood
Chapter 26.4: Psychiatric treatments in the medically ill
26.4.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practice
26.4.2 Psychological treatments
Chapter 26.5: Specific psychiatric disorders
26.5.1 Delirium
26.5.2 Dementia
26.5.3 Organic psychoses
26.5.4 Alcohol misuse
26.5.5 Substance misuse
26.5.6 Depressive disorder
26.5.7 Bipolar disorder
26.5.8 Anxiety disorders
26.5.9 Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
26.5.10 Eating disorders
26.5.11 Schizophrenia
26.5.12 Somatic symptom and related disorders
26.5.13 Personality disorders
Chapter 26.6: Changing unhealthy behaviours
26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption
26.6.2 Obesity and weight management
26.6.3 Smoking cessation
Chapter 26.7: Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine
Section 27: Forensic medicine
Chapter 27.1: Forensic and legal medicine
Section 28: Sport and exercise
Chapter 28.1: Sport and exercise medicine
Section 29: Biochemistry in medicine
Chapter 29.1: The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management
Section 30: Acute medicine
Chapter 30.1: Acute medical presentations
Chapter 30.2: Practical procedures
Index
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