Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology

Cover......Page 1
Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Summary of Contents......Page 8
SECTION 1: Assessment of the patient with renal disease......Page 26
1 Epidemiology of kidney disease......Page 28
2 Clinical assessment of the patient with renal disease: overview......Page 45
3 Presentations of renal disease......Page 47
4 Kidney disease-focused history taking......Page 52
5 Kidney disease-focused features on examination......Page 54
6 Urinalysis......Page 60
7 Assessment of renal function......Page 69
8 Tubular function......Page 87
9 Renal radiology: overview......Page 91
10 Ionizing radiation and radiation
protection......Page 93
11 Plain radiography, excretion radiography, and contrast radiography......Page 99
12 Intervention......Page 107
13 Ultrasound......Page 114
14 Computed tomography......Page 126
15 Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 134
16 Radioisotopes in diagnostic imaging in nephrology......Page 142
17 Immunological investigation of the patient with renal disease......Page 152
18 The renal biopsy......Page 167
19 Clinical trials: why and how in nephrology......Page 186
SECTION 2: The Patient with fluid, electrolyte, and renal tubular disorders......Page 194
20 An overview of tubular function......Page 196
21 Sodium transport and balance: a key role for the distal nephron......Page 214
22 Water homeostasis......Page 222
23 Potassium homeostasis......Page 229
24 Renal acid–base homeostasis......Page 243
25 Phosphate homeostasis......Page 250
26 Calcium homeostasis......Page 256
27 Magnesium homeostasis......Page 268
28 Approach to the patient with hyponatraemia......Page 274
29 Approach to the patient with hypernatraemia......Page 286
30 Approach to the patient with oedema......Page 297
31 Approach to the patient with salt-wasting tubulopathies......Page 307
32 Approach to the patient with polyuria......Page 316
33 Clinical use of diuretics......Page 324
34 Approach to the patient with hypo-/hyperkalaemia......Page 348
35 Approach to the patient with metabolic acidosis or alkalosis......Page 364
36 Approach to the patient with renal tubular acidosis......Page 388
37 Approach to the patient with hypercalcaemia......Page 397
38 Approach to the patient with
hypocalcaemia......Page 403
39 Approach to the patient with hypo-/hyperphosphataemia......Page 409
40 Approach to the patient with hypomagnesaemia......Page 422
41 Approach to the patient with renal Fanconi syndrome, glycosuria, or aminoaciduria......Page 437
SECTION 3: The patient with glomerular disease......Page 448
42 The glomerulus and the concept of glomerulonephritis......Page 450
43 The renal glomerulus: the structural basis of ultrafiltration......Page 461
44 Function of the normal glomerulus......Page 476
45 Mechanisms of glomerular injury: overview......Page 484
46 The patient with haematuria......Page 488
47 Loin pain haematuria syndrome......Page 494
48 Nutcracker syndrome and phenomenon......Page 498
49 Exercise-related pseudonephritis......Page 501
50 Proteinuria......Page 503
51 Postural proteinuria (benign orthostatic proteinuria)......Page 510
52 Nephrotic syndrome......Page 512
53 Pathophysiology of oedema in nephrotic syndrome......Page 521
54 Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: overview......Page 524
55 Minimal change disease: clinical features and diagnosis......Page 526
56 Minimal change disease: treatment and outcome......Page 531
57 Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: clinical features and diagnosis......Page 540
58 Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: treatment and outcome......Page 550
59 Pathogenesis of proteinuria in minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis......Page 558
60 Membranous glomerulonephritis: overview......Page 562
61 Membranous glomerulonephritis: clinical features and diagnosis......Page 564
62 Membranous glomerulonephritis: treatment and outcome......Page 569
63 Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis......Page 582
64 Membranous glomerulonephritis: pathogenesis......Page 585
65 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: overview......Page 590
66 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: clinical features......Page 591
67 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: diagnosis......Page 597
68 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: treatment and outcome......Page 602
69 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy: pathogenesis......Page 611
70 Crescentic (rapidly progressive) glomerulonephritis......Page 617
71 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease: overview......Page 623
72 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease: clinical features and diagnosis......Page 624
73 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease: treatment and outcome......Page 631
74 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease: pathogenesis......Page 634
75 Alport post-transplant antiglomerular basement membrane disease......Page 644
76 Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: overview......Page 646
77 Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis......Page 648
78 Immunoglobulin A-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis......Page 658
79 Glomerulonephritis associated with endocarditis, deep-seated infections, and shunt nephritis......Page 661
80 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy......Page 666
81 Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy......Page 674
82 Drug-induced and toxic glomerulopathies......Page 681
SECTION 4: The patient with interstitial disease......Page 692
83 Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: overview......Page 694
84 Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis......Page 703
85 Other toxic acute tubulointerstitial
nephritis......Page 712
86 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis: overview......Page 715
87 Drug-induced chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis......Page 720
88 Heavy metal-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis......Page 727
89 Aristolochic acid nephropathy caused by ingestion of herbal medicinal products......Page 734
90 Balkan endemic nephropathy......Page 739
91 Radiation nephropathy......Page 744
92 Urate nephropathy......Page 749
93 Immune-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis......Page 751
SECTION 5: The patient with reduced renal function......Page 764
94 Chronic kidney disease: definition, classification, and approach to management......Page 768
95 Chronic kidney disease in the developed world......Page 780
96 Chronic kidney disease in developing countries......Page 787
97 Chronic kidney disease long-term outcomes: progression, death, cardiovascular disease, infections, and hospitalizations......Page 792
98 Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease: overview......Page 802
99 Recommendations for management of high renal risk chronic kidney disease......Page 805
100 Hypertension as a cause of chronic kidney disease: what is the evidence?......Page 812
101 Diet and the progression of chronic kidney disease......Page 818
102 Lipid disorders of patients with chronic kidney disease......Page 825
103 Smoking in chronic kidney disease......Page 832
104 Analytical aspects of measurements and laboratory values in kidney disease......Page 838
105 Effect of lifestyle modifications on patients with chronic kidney disease......Page 849
106 Malnutrition, obesity, and undernutrition in chronic kidney disease......Page 855
107 Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease......Page 862
108 Sudden cardiac death in chronic kidney disease......Page 878
109 Epidemiology of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone disturbances in chronic kidney disease......Page 894
110 The role of inflammation in chronic kidney disease......Page 902
111 Vascular stiffness in chronic kidney disease: pathophysiology and implications......Page 909
112 Oxidative stress and its implications in chronic kidney disease......Page 920
113 Abnormal endothelial vasomotor and secretory function......Page 928
114 Endothelins and their antagonists in chronic kidney disease......Page 935
115 Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder: overview......Page 941
116 Imaging for detection of vascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients......Page 948
117 Pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder......Page 959
118 Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder......Page 964
119 Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease......Page 972
120 Vascular calcification......Page 982
121 Fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease......Page 995
122 Spectrum of bone pathologies in chronic kidney disease......Page 1001
123 Clinical aspects and overview of renal anaemia......Page 1008
124 Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease......Page 1016
125 Iron metabolism in chronic kidney
disease......Page 1023
126 Iron management in renal anaemia......Page 1035
127 Pleiotropic effects of vitamin D......Page 1041
128 Immunity......Page 1063
129 The epidemiology of hepatitis viruses in chronic kidney disease......Page 1074
130 Gastroenterology and renal medicine......Page 1077
131 Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease......Page 1089
132 The patient with reduced renal function: endocrinology......Page 1097
133 Sexual dysfunction......Page 1116
134 Health-related quality of life and the patient with chronic kidney disease......Page 1124
135 Coagulopathies in chronic kidney disease......Page 1127
136 Mechanisms of progression of chronic kidney disease: overview......Page 1130
137 Proteinuria as a direct cause of progression......Page 1132
138 Nephron numbers and hyperfiltration as drivers of progression......Page 1137
139 Podocyte loss as a common pathway to chronic kidney disease......Page 1143
140 Disordered scarring and failure of repair......Page 1151
141 Modality selection for renal replacement therapy......Page 1161
142 Patient education and involvement in pre-dialysis management......Page 1167
143 Preparation for renal replacement
therapy......Page 1173
144 Choices and considerations for
in-centre versus home-based renal replacement therapy......Page 1182
145 Conservative care in advanced chronic kidney disease......Page 1190
146 Palliative care in end-stage renal disease......Page 1205
147 Patient selection when resources are limited......Page 1212
148 Acidosis in chronic kidney disease......Page 1217
SECTION 6: The patient with another primary diagnosis......Page 1222
149 The patient with diabetes mellitus......Page 1224
150 Kidney involvement in plasma
cell dyscrasias......Page 1273
151 The patient with cryoglobulinaemia......Page 1276
152 The patient with amyloidosis......Page 1289
153 The patient with myeloma......Page 1301
154 Light-chain deposition disease......Page 1317
155 Other consequences from monoclonal immunoglobulins/fragments: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and acquired Fanconi syndrome......Page 1324
156 The patient with sarcoidosis......Page 1329
157 The patient with vasculitis: overview......Page 1332
158 The patient with vasculitis: pathogenesis......Page 1340
159 The patient with vasculitis: clinical aspects......Page 1357
160 The patient with vasculitis: treatment and outcome......Page 1369
161 The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: overview and
pathogenesis......Page 1381
162 The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, investigations, and diagnosis......Page 1390
163 The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: treatment and outcome......Page 1405
164 The patient with antiphospholipid syndrome with or without lupus......Page 1414
165 The patient with scleroderma: systemic sclerosis......Page 1420
166 The patient with rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, or polymyositis......Page 1428
167 The patient with sickle cell anaemia......Page 1438
168 The obese patient (metabolic
syndrome)......Page 1449
169 The patient with hepatorenal syndrome......Page 1458
170 Kidney/ear syndromes......Page 1467
171 Kidney/eye syndromes......Page 1475
172 The patient with renal cell cancer......Page 1482
173 The patient with Wilms tumour......Page 1489
174 The patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura......Page 1494
SECTION 7: The patient with urinary tract infection......Page 1516
175 Urinary tract infection in the adult: overview......Page 1518
176 Infection of the lower urinary tract......Page 1520
177 Upper urinary tract infection......Page 1531
178 Complicated urinary tract infection......Page 1539
179 Urinary tract infection in a patient with a kidney transplant......Page 1542
180 Urinary tract infection in infancy and childhood......Page 1545
181 Schistosomiasis: the parasite and the host......Page 1557
182 Schistosomiasis: clinical impact......Page 1563
SECTION 8: The patient with infections causing renal disease......Page 1568
183 Malaria......Page 1570
184 Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis......Page 1575
185 Hepatitis B......Page 1577
186 Hepatitis C......Page 1585
187 HIV and renal disease......Page 1592
188 Hantaviral infections......Page 1601
189 Dengue and other viral haemorrhagic fevers......Page 1606
190 Yellow fever, severe acute respiratory
syndrome virus, and H1N1 influenza infections......Page 1609
191 Leptospirosis......Page 1612
192 Syphilis......Page 1615
193 Rickettsiosis......Page 1617
194 Schistosomiasis......Page 1621
195 Nematode infections......Page 1627
196 Mycobacterial infections: tuberculosis......Page 1629
197 Mycobacterial infections: leprosy and environmental mycobacteria......Page 1645
198 Renal involvement in other infections: diarrhoeal diseases, salmonella, melioidosis, and pregnancy......Page 1650
SECTION 9: The patient with urinary stone disease......Page 1654
199 Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis......Page 1656
200 Approach to the patient with
kidney stones......Page 1662
201 Calcium stones......Page 1670
202 Uric acid stones......Page 1686
203 Cystine stones......Page 1691
204 Cell biology of nephrocalcinosis/nephrolithiasis......Page 1696
205 Medical management of nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis......Page 1722
206 Imaging and interventional treatment: urolithiasis from the surgeon’s point of view......Page 1738
SECTION 10: The Patient with Hypertension......Page 1748
207 The structure and function of renal blood vessels......Page 1750
208 Regulation of vasomotor tone in the afferent and efferent arterioles......Page 1754
209 Tubuloglomerular feedback, renal autoregulation, and renal protection......Page 1763
210 The kidney and control of
blood pressure......Page 1767
211 The effect of hypertension on renal vasculature and structure......Page 1775
212 Ischaemic nephropathy......Page 1785
213 Renal artery stenosis: clinical features and diagnosis......Page 1791
214 Renal artery stenosis: diagnosis......Page 1801
215 Renal artery stenosis: management and outcome......Page 1807
216 Malignant hypertension......Page 1817
217 Resistant hypertension......Page 1824
218 The hypertensive child......Page 1827
219 Treatment of hypertension in children......Page 1850
SECTION 11: The patient with acute kidney injury (and critical care nephrology)......Page 1854
220 Definitions, classification, epidemiology, and risk factors of acute kidney injury......Page 1856
221 Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury......Page 1869
222 Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury: diagnosis and differential diagnosis......Page 1897
223 The role of novel biomarkers in acute kidney injury......Page 1912
224 Prevention of acute kidney injury: overview......Page 1921
225 Prevention of acute kidney injury: non-pharmacological strategies......Page 1927
226 Prevention of acute kidney injury: pharmacological strategies......Page 1940
227 Prevention of acute kidney injury:
drug- and nephrotoxin-induced acute kidney injury......Page 1950
228 Non-dialytic management of the patient with acute kidney injury......Page 1958
229 Fluid overload in acute kidney injury......Page 1966
230 Electrolyte and acid–base disorders in AKI......Page 1970
231 Coagulation disturbances in acute
kidney injury......Page 1979
232 Renal replacement therapy in the patient with acute kidney injury: overview......Page 1981
233 Intermittent acute renal replacement therapy......Page 1987
234 Continuous renal replacement therapy......Page 2000
235 Peritoneal dialysis in acute kidney injury......Page 2014
236 Scoring systems in acute kidney injury patients......Page 2023
237 Overall outcomes of acute kidney injury......Page 2034
238 Renal outcomes of acute kidney injury......Page 2042
239 Acute kidney injury in children......Page 2049
240 Acute kidney injury in the elderly......Page 2063
241 Acute kidney injury in the tropics......Page 2072
242 Acute kidney injury and hantavirus disease......Page 2084
243 Community-acquired pneumonia and acute kidney injury......Page 2092
244 Acute kidney injury in severe sepsis......Page 2093
245 Cardiovascular surgery and acute kidney injury......Page 2101
246 Contrast-induced acute kidney injury......Page 2109
247 Renal failure in cirrhosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment......Page 2116
248 Acute kidney injury in heart failure......Page 2134
249 Acute kidney injury in pulmonary
diseases......Page 2140
250 Acute kidney injury in pregnancy......Page 2154
251 Acute kidney injury in the
cancer patient......Page 2158
252 Acute kidney injury in polytrauma and rhabdomyolysis......Page 2168
253 Acute kidney injury in patients with severe burn injury......Page 2176
SECTION 12: The patient on dialysis......Page 2184
254 Uraemic toxins: overview......Page 2186
255 Haemodialysis: overview......Page 2198
256 Haemodialysis: vascular access......Page 2201
257 Haemodialysis: principles......Page 0
258 Haemodialysis: prescription
and assessment of adequacy......Page 2213
259 Haemodialysis: acute complications......Page 2232
260 Haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration......Page 2243
261 Dialysis withdrawal and palliative care......Page 2252
262 Frequent haemodialysis......Page 2259
263 Peritoneal dialysis: overview......Page 2274
264 Peritoneal dialysis: principles
and peritoneal physiology......Page 2277
265 Peritoneal dialysis: adequacy
and prescription management......Page 2288
266 Peritoneal dialysis: non-infectious complications......Page 2295
267 Overview of dialysis patient management and future directions......Page 2304
268 Cardiovascular complications in end-stage renal disease patients: pathophysiological aspects......Page 2310
269 Bacterial and fungal infections in patients on haemodialysis......Page 2318
270 Bacterial and fungal infections in patients on peritoneal dialysis......Page 2324
271 Viral infections in patients on dialysis......Page 2328
272 Cognitive function, depression,
and psychosocial adaptation......Page 2330
273 Volume assessment
and management in dialysis......Page 2338
274 Nutritional screening and nutritional management in dialysis patients......Page 2348
SECTION 13: The transplant patient......Page 2357
275 The evolution of kidney transplantation......Page 2359
276 Pre-transplant assessment
of the recipient......Page 2372
277 Organ donation......Page 2380
278 Donor and recipient kidney transplantation surgery......Page 2392
279 Immunology, sensitization,
and histocompatibility......Page 2404
280 Immediate post-transplant care
and surgical complications......Page 2419
281 Immunosuppression: drugs
and protocols......Page 2427
282 Renal transplant imaging......Page 2440
283 Rejection......Page 2455
284 Infection: prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management......Page 2467
285 Cardiovascular disease: prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management......Page 2477
286 Chronic allograft dysfunction......Page 2485
287 Cancer after kidney transplantation......Page 2497
288 Metabolic bone disease after renal transplantation......Page 2505
289 Recurrent renal disease: prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management......Page 2516
290 Paediatric renal transplantation......Page 2523
SECTION 14: Renal disease at different stages of life (infancy, adolescence, pregnancy, old age)......Page 2533
291 Growth and development......Page 2535
292 The adolescent with renal disease: transition to adult services......Page 2541
293 Contraception in patients
with kidney disease......Page 2544
294 Pregnancy and renal physiology......Page 2551
295 Pregnancy in patients with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis......Page 2563
296 Pre-eclampsia and related disorders......Page 2570
297 Acute kidney injury in pregnancy......Page 2580
298 Specific renal conditions in pregnancy......Page 2584
299 Pregnancy after renal transplantation......Page 2591
300 The kidney in ageing: biology, anatomy, physiology, and clinical relevance......Page 2594
SECTION 15: The patient with genetic renal disease......Page 2603
301 Ethical aspects of genetic testing......Page 2605
302 Antenatal diagnosis and pre-implantation genetic testing......Page 2608
303 The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation......Page 2611
304 The adult with renal cysts......Page 2631
305 The child with renal cysts......Page 2635
306 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: overview......Page 2639
307 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: clinical features......Page 2641
308 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: diagnosis......Page 2648
309 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: management......Page 2652
310 Management of intracranial
aneurysms......Page 2661
311 Management of cystic liver disease......Page 2663
312 Autosomal dominant polycystic
kidney disease in children
and young adults......Page 2667
313 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease......Page 2670
314 Bardet–Biedl syndrome
and other ciliopathies......Page 2679
315 Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1B......Page 2685
316 Nephronophthisis and medullary cystic kidney disease: overview......Page 2688
317 Nephronophthisis......Page 2691
318 Autosomal dominant interstitial
kidney disease including
medullary cystic disease......Page 2696
319 Oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome......Page 2699
320 The molecular basis of glomerular basement membrane disorders......Page 2702
321 Alport syndrome: overview......Page 2709
322 Alport syndrome: clinical features......Page 2711
323 Alport syndrome: diagnosis......Page 2714
324 Alport syndrome: management......Page 2720
325 Thin glomerular basement membrane nephropathy and other collagenopathies......Page 2723
326 Nail patella syndrome......Page 2725
327 Molecular basis of nephrotic syndrome......Page 2728
328 Molecular basis of renal tumour syndromes......Page 2736
329 WT1 and its disorders......Page 2741
330 Tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease......Page 2746
331 Hypoxia-inducible factor
and renal disorders......Page 2753
332 Von Hippel–Lindau disease......Page 2757
333 Molecular basis of complement-mediated renal disease......Page 2761
334 Inherited metabolic diseases and the kidney......Page 2771
335 Fabry disease: overview
and pathophysiology......Page 2781
336 Fabry disease: clinical features......Page 2784
337 Fabry disease: diagnosis......Page 2790
338 Fabry disease: management and outcome......Page 2794
339 Cystinosis......Page 2803
340 Mitochondrial diseases and the kidney......Page 2812
341 APOL1 and renal disease......Page 2822
342 MYH9 and renal disease......Page 2825
SECTION 16: The patient with structural and congenital abnormalities......Page 2827
343 Human kidney development......Page 2829
344 Kidney stem cells......Page 2836
345 Anatomical types of congenital anomalies: overview of obstruction......Page 2842
346 Renal agenesis......Page 2844
347 Renal dysplasia......Page 2845
348 Renal hypoplasia......Page 2846
349 Normal variation in nephron numbers......Page 2847
350 Renal tubular dysgenesis......Page 2849
351 Congenital solitary functioning kidney......Page 2850
352 Duplex, ectopic, and horseshoe
kidneys......Page 2852
353 Pelviureteric junction obstruction and megaureter in children......Page 2854
354 Posterior urethral valves......Page 2856
355 Primary vesicoureteric reflux and reflux nephropathy......Page 2858
356 The patient with urinary tract obstruction......Page 2868
357 Retroperitoneal fibrosis......Page 2875
358 Branchio-oto-renal syndrome......Page 2879
359 Townes–Brocks syndrome......Page 2881
360 Renal coloboma syndrome......Page 2883
361 Ante- and postnatal imaging to diagnose human kidney malformations......Page 2885
SECTION 17: Drugs and renal disease......Page 2897
362 Drug-induced nephropathies......Page 2899
363 Drug dosing in chronic kidney disease......Page 2925
364 Drug dosing in acute kidney injury......Page 2933
SECTION 18: Nephrology in the future......Page 2939
365 A global curriculum for training the next generation of nephrologists......Page 2941
A......Page 2947
B......Page 2954
C......Page 2956
D......Page 2964
E......Page 2967
F......Page 2969
G......Page 2971
H......Page 2973
I......Page 2978
K......Page 2981
L......Page 2982
M......Page 2984
N......Page 2987
O......Page 2990
P......Page 2991
R......Page 2997
S......Page 3001
T......Page 3004
U......Page 3008
V......Page 3010
Z......Page 3012